1 Start Section Start show We’re rounding! (and also passing) Section Start Main Menu We’re...

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1 Start Section Start show We’re rounding! (and also passing) Section Start Main Menu We’re rounding! PART 2 - WHEN BOATS MEET, Section C – At Marks and Obstructions

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We’re rounding! (and also passing)

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We’re rounding!PART 2 - WHEN BOATS MEET, Section C – At Marks and Obstructions

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We’re approaching the windward mark, which is to be rounded to port, onto a deep reach.

We are GREEN, and RED is overlapped inside us. Is she entitled to mark-room?

No, because of rule 18.1(a) – the boats are on opposite tacks on a beat to windward. Also because of rule 18.1(b) – RED will have to tack, GREEN won’t.So no part of rule 18 applies.

Nothing here limits the application of rule 10, and RED, on port must keep clear under rule 10.

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We’re rounding!PART 2 - WHEN BOATS MEET, Section C – At Marks and Obstructions

Course to nextmark

This is the ‘top mark’ of an ‘outer loop’ of a trapezoid course. GREEN is reaching to it from the windward mark. RED is beating towards it from the loop’s ‘bottom mark’. They are overlapped.

Does GREEN have to give mark-room to RED?

No. They are on opposite tacks, and RED will have to tack to round the mark, while GREEN does not need to tack. Rule 18.2(b) says that rule 18 does not apply. RED will break rule 10 if she luffs, or rule 13 if she passes head to wind and does not keep clear of GREEN.

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We’re rounding!PART 2 - WHEN BOATS MEET, Section C – At Marks and Obstructions

RED had entered the zone well ahead of GREEN. They meet while RED is leaving the mark while GREEN is approaching the mark. Does GREEN have to give mark-room to RED?

NO. RED had been too far ahead. Rule 18 does not apply because Rule 18.1(c) says so when one boat is leaving a mark and meets another boat approaching it. Rule 10 applies, RED is on port tack and must keep clear.

Course to next mark

Course from previous mark

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We’re rounding!PART 2 - WHEN BOATS MEET, Section C – At Marks and Obstructions

As we will see, at most marks, their three-length zone may be important when questions of room arise, and the room to be given at marks is a special type of room called ‘mark-room’.

Very occasionally, a mark may big enough (or long enough) to be also a CONTINUING OBSTRUCTION.

• It could be a small island if it has to be rounded.

• It could be a large island, like the Isle of Wight in a race round the Island.

• It could even be a continent. (‘Leave Antarctica to starboard’ – Vendée Globe sailing instructions).

• It could be any structure of sufficient length if it’s a mark.

In all these exceptional cases, the right to room is dealt with under rule 19.2(c), which deals with room at continuing obstructions. Rule 18 does not apply, and there is no ‘zone’.

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(a) When boats are overlapped the outside boat shall give the inside boat mark-room, unless rule 18.2(b) applies.

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

• These are the core rules related to the giving of mark-room

• Either rule 18.2(a) or 18.2(b) applies, but not both

• Rule 18.2(b) is probably more likely to apply than rule 18.2(a), as we’ll see

• We meet two new defined terms – Mark-Room and Zone. Let’s look at them

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Mark-Room

Room for a boat to sail to the mark

and then room to sail her proper course while at the mark.

However, mark-room does not include room to tack unless the boat is overlapped to windward and on the inside of the boat required to give mark-room.

• We will look at examples of this as we meet them. Within the definition Mark-Room, the term Room is used in its defined sense

Room

The space a boat needs in the existing conditions while manoeuvring promptly in a seamanlike way.

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Zone

The area around a mark within a distance of three hull lengths of the boat nearer to it. A boat is in the zone when any part of her hull is in the zone.

Rule 86.1(b)

…the sailing instructions may change to ‘two’ or ‘four’ the number of hull lengths determining the zone around marks, provided that the number is the same for all marks and all boats using those marks…

• the ‘zone’ concept applies only at marks to which rule 18 applies, and not at obstructions to which rule 19 applies

• clubs that share marks where two races may meet must be careful not to make different provisions

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(a) When boats are overlapped the outside boat shall give the inside boat mark-room, unless rule 18.2(b) applies.

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

Which rule applies here?

They are too far apart for any right-of-way rule to be relevant.

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(a) When boats are overlapped the outside boat shall give the inside boat mark-room, unless rule 18.2(b) applies.

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

Which rule applies here?

• Rule 18 does not apply, as they are beating on opposite tacks (rule 18.1(a))

•Rule 10 requires BLUE on port to keep clear of YELLOW on starboard

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(a) When boats are overlapped the outside boat shall give the inside boat mark-room, unless rule 18.2(b) applies.

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

Which rule applies here?

We’re rounding!PART 2 - WHEN BOATS MEET, Section C – At Marks and Obstructions

•They are now on the same tack, so rule 18 now applies

•Rule 18.2(b) does not apply, as no part of rule 18 applied at zone entry

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(a) When boats are overlapped the outside boat shall give the inside boat mark-room, unless rule 18.2(b) applies.

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

Which rule applies here?• Since rule 18 applies, but rule 18.2(b) does not apply, it is rule 18.2(a) that applies. BLUE has right of way but must give mark-room to YELLOW

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We are YELLOW, and BLUE is overlapped inside us when the first of us reaches the zone. Do we have to give her mark -room?

YES, under rule 18.2(b).

If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

What is ‘mark-room’?

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Mark-Room is, first of all, room to sail ‘to the mark’. BLUE will need to luff a little to sail to the mark, and we in YELLOW must also luff to keep clear of her while she does.

Once BLUE is ‘at the mark’, what now must YELLOW do?

She must give room to BLUE to ‘sail her proper course while at the mark’.

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Course

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mark

Is BLUE required to sail no higher than a proper course round the mark?

Only if BLUE’s overlap was from clear astern, and rule 17 applies.

If BLUE does NOT bear away, YELLOW’s obligation to give BLUE room is overtaken by YELLOW’s unchanged obligation to keep clear as a windward boat. RULE 18 DOES NOT OVERRIDE SECTION A RULES.

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Another pair of boats approaches the windward mark. Yellow completes a tack to a clear-ahead position before she enters the zone.

Which rules apply?

Rule 10 (port and starboard) at firstthen rule 13 (tacking) then rule 12 (clear ahead and clear astern), with rule 15, Acquiring Right of Way Favours BLUE

Then still rule 12, and also rules 18.2(b) and (c) Now favours YELLOW

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Yet another pair of boats approaches the windward mark. Yellow completes a tack to a clear-ahead position inside the two-length zone.

Which rules apply?

Rule 15, as before

rule 12 as before

but then rule 18.3, Tacking at a Mark, and NOT rule 18.2(b) or (c)

BLUE is favoured throughout as long as she keeps clear

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Yet another pair of boats approaches the windward mark. Yellow completes a tack to a clear-ahead position inside the two-length zone.

Which rules apply?

Rule 15, as before

rule 12 as before

but then rule 18.3, Tacking at a Mark, and NOT rule 18.2(b) or (c)

BLUE is favoured throughout as long as she keeps clear

What if BLUE has to take avoiding action?

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Yet another pair of boats approaches the windward mark. Yellow completes a tack to a clear-ahead position inside the two-length zone.

Which rules apply?

Rule 15, as before

rule 12 as before

but then rule 18.3, Tacking at a Mark, and NOT rule 18.2(b) or (c)

BLUE is favoured throughout as long as she keeps clear

What if BLUE has to take avoiding action?

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YELLOW must not stop BLUE from passing

mark, must give BLUE mark-room

YELLOW infringes if she forces BLUE above close-

hauled

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Down the reach, there’s an inconveniently moored motor cruiser. We are BLUE. Our course will take us astern of it. YELLOW does not hail for room to pass it.

Do we in BLUE have to give room to YELLOW?

YES, the moored boat is an obstruction, we are overlapped, we can give room, so we must. No hail needed.

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We’ve reached the gybe mark.

We are the BLUE boat.

Our proper course to the next mark requires us to gybe.

Must we gybe?

Yes. We must not sail beyond a proper course round the mark – rule 18.4.

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We’ve reached the gybe mark.

We are the BLUE boat.

Our proper course to the next mark requires us to gybe.

Must we gybe?

Yes. We must not sail beyond a proper course round the mark – rule 18.4.

18.4 GybingWhen an inside overlapped right-of-way boat must gybe at a mark to sail her proper course, until she gybes she shall sail no farther from the mark than needed to sail that course. Rule 18.4 does not apply at a gate mark.

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We’re approaching the port-hand leeward mark, after which the course is a beat.

The race committee is signalling that the windward mark has been moved to a new bearing.

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How it’s done

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We’re approaching the port-hand leeward mark, after which the course is a beat. RED on port reaches the zone ahead of GREEN.

Until then, which boat had right of way?

And which boat now has right of way?

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We’re approaching the port-hand leeward mark, after which the course is a beat. RED on port reaches the zone ahead of GREEN.

Until then, which boat had right of way?

And which boat now has right of way?

Before RED reached the zone, GREEN had right of way under rule 10.

After RED reached the zone, GREEN still has right of way under rule 10. But GREEN must now give RED mark-room.

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We’re approaching the port-hand leeward mark, after which the course is a beat. RED on port reaches the zone ahead of GREEN.

Until then, which boat had right of way?

And which boat now has right of way?

Although they are on opposite tacks, RED is clear ahead of GREEN. When RED reaches the zone clear ahead, Rule 18.2(b) requires GREEN clear astern to give RED mark-room - room to sail to the mark and room while at the mark to sail her proper course . Rule 18.2(c) deters GREEN from trying to get a late inside overlap.

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RED, which has been forced wide by BLUE and YELLOW inside her, hails ‘No room!’ to GREEN. Is she correct?

No room!

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RED, which has been forced wide by BLUE and YELLOW inside her, hails ‘No room!’ to GREEN. Is she correct?

In turning for the mark, RED’s transom line has swept round to create an overlap before she enters the zone. If they meet at the mark , GREEN is entitled to room from RED under rule 18.2(b).

HOWEVER – if in a protest the protest committee finds that was found that RED was initially clear ahead, and was unsure whether GREEN had established an overlap in time, it is to presume that she did not.

No room!

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YELLOW enters the two-length zone clear ahead of BLUE. YELLOW starts to round well wide of the mark.

BLUE, sailing faster, goes for the gap

Is she allowed to do this?

BLUE is not entitled to mark-room, but she can take the room given, at her own risk.

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YELLOW now luffs hard, and BLUE hits both YELLOW and the mark, no damage or injury. There is a protest. No penalty is taken

BLUE claims that YELLOW did not give BLUE room to keep clear as required by rule 16.1, Changing Course. YELLOW agrees!

Your decision?Penalize BLUE?Penalize YELLOW?Penalize both?

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YELLOW was clear ahead at the zone, BLUE was not entitled to mark-room. Indeed BLUE had to give YELLOW mark-room.

Rule 18.5(b) exonerates a boat that breaks rule 16 while rounding a mark on her proper course.

Penalise BLUE under:• Rule 11, for not keeping clear

• Rule 18.2(c) for not continuing to give the mark-room YELLOW was entitled to under rule 18.2(b)

• Rule 31, for touching the mark

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GREEN would like to come in wide, to come out tight on the mark, but RED is nearby.

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GREEN would like to come in wide, to come out tight on the mark, but RED is nearby.

So, some while later, would YELLOW, but BLUE is nearby. Are their situations different under the rules?

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GREEN has right of way (starboard), can go wide until required to gybe. RED must do more than give mark-room – she must keep clear

YELLOW is give-way (windward), BLUE must give mark-room - enough for YELLOW to sail her proper course while at the mark

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We’re passing!PART 2 - WHEN BOATS MEET, Section C – At Marks and Obstructions

We are BLUE, on starboard tack. RED is not keeping clear of us. Can we get room from YELLOW to duck RED?

Not directly. RED is required to keep clear of us. She is therefore not an obstruction, as defined, and so rule 19 (which applies only at obstructions) does not apply. However, rule 14 requires us to avoid contact if possible, and if we bear away to duck RED, then YELLOW must also try to avoid contact with us if she can.

In a protest, RED would be disqualified. If we in BLUE do not keep clear of YELLOW in trying to avoid contact with RED, we will be exonerated for breaking rule 11 because RED’s breach compelled us to break a rule.

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We’re passing!PART 2 - WHEN BOATS MEET, Section C – At Marks and Obstructions

We are BLUE, on starboard tack. RED is not keeping clear of us. Can we get room from YELLOW to duck RED?

Not directly. RED is required to keep clear of us. She is therefore not an obstruction, as defined, and so rule 19 (which applies only at obstructions) does not apply. However, rule 14 requires us to avoid contact if possible, and if we bear away to duck RED, then YELLOW must also try to avoid contact with us if she can.

Definition Obstruction: …a boat racing is not an obstruction to other boats unless they are required to keep clear of her, give her room or mark-room, or, if rule 22 applies, avoid her.

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We’re rounding!

Back to the windward mark, this time to be rounded to starboard.

The race committee is signalling that the next leg has been shortened.

Here’s how it’s done

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At the windward mark, this time to be rounded to starboard.

BLUE is clear ahead at the two-lengths zone, then tacks for the mark. YELLOW has to avoid her.

There is a protest. Your decision?

Penalize BLUE.

She lost her entitlement to room under rules 18.2(b) and (c) when she passed head to wind. It’s rule 10 (or13).

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At the windward mark, this time to be rounded to starboard.

BLUE is clear ahead at the two-lengths zone, then tacks for the mark. YELLOW has to avoid her.

There is a protest. Your decision?

Penalize BLUE

Rule 18.2(c)

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When a boat is required to give mark-room by rule 18.2(b), she shall continue to do so even if later an overlap is broken or a new overlap begins. However, if either boat passes head to wind or if the boat entitled to mark-room leaves the zone, rule 18.2(b) ceases to apply.

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RED comes into the mark high enough for GREEN to tack for the mark inside her.

GREEN does not tack, and both have to take avoiding action.

They protest. Your decision?

Rule 18 does not apply.

No rule requires GREEN to tack.

Penalize RED, rule 10.

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18.1 When This Rule AppliesRule 18 applies between boats when they are required to leave a mark on the same side and at least one of them is in the zone.

However it does not apply…(b) Between boats on opposite tacks when the proper

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Back down the run, we’re near the shore.

Is RED allowed to get an overlap between GREEN and the shore?

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Back down the run, we’re near the shore.

Is RED allowed to get an overlap between GREEN and the shore?

Yes, provided at that time there is room to pass between them – Rule19.2(c). If so, GREEN must then give her room. The shore is a continuing obstruction to both boats. At ‘ordinary’ obstructions, the gap may not need to be so big for an intervening boat to be entitled to room – if the outside boat can give room she must. At continuing obstructions, the gap may be wide enough to give room, yet too narrow to allow a legal inside overlap.

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Back down the run, we’re near the shore.

Is RED allowed to get an overlap between GREEN and the shore?

19.2 Giving Room at an Obstruction

(c) While boats are passing a continuing obstruction, if a boat that was clear astern and required to keep clear becomes overlapped between the other boat and the obstruction and, at the moment the overlap begins, there is not room for her to pass between them, she is not entitled to room under rule 19.2(b). While the boats remain overlapped, she shall keep clear and rules 10 and 11 do not apply.

As stated, overlaps from astern need bigger gaps at continuing obstructions - as we will see.

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We are BLUE. Further down the run, a gust catches us up with GREEN and YELLOW.

GREEN hails ‘No Room! The gap is not big enough for you to sail through!’. Is GREEN right to try to deny room tom to BLUE?

NO. That would be true if YELLOW were a continuing obstruction. But the definition Obstruction now says ‘A vessel under way, including a boat racing, is never a continuing obstruction.’

If BLUE can keep clear of YELLOW (rule 11) while getting an overlap to leeward of GREEN and If GREEN then has the room to luff to keep clear (rule 15) of BLUE, BLUE is entitled to become overlapped between them. GREEN must then keep clear of BLUE.

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Does Rule 18 apply here?

18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(a) When boats are overlapped the outside boat shall give the inside boat mark-room, unless rule 18.2(b) applies.

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

The boats are not overlapped, so it’s not rule 18.2(a). It is the boat clear astern that reaches the zone first, so the last sentence of rule 18.2(b) does not apply and will never apply. So no part of rule 18.2 yet applies

To next mark

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Wind 4 - 6 Knots

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Does Rule 18 apply here?

18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(a) When boats are overlapped the outside boat shall give the inside boat mark-room, unless rule 18.2(b) applies.

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

They are overlapped at positions 2 and 3. Rule 18.2(a) now applies. YELLOW must give BLUE mark-room – room to sail to the mark, which she does. BLUE must keep clear – under rule 10 and then under rule 11 after she gybes.

To next mark

From previous mark

Wind 4 - 6 Knots

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Does Rule 18 apply here?

18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(a) When boats are overlapped the outside boat shall give the inside boat mark-room, unless rule 18.2(b) applies.

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

BLUE is briefly ahead, the overlap ends beforethe contact, so 18.2(a) stops applying. Then YELLOW runs into her. 18.2(b) never applied. It’s not now a rule 18 situation. YELLOW does not keep clear under rule 12, and the question is whether BLUE gave her room to keep clear under rule 15. Yes, if YELLOW could have avoided contact by bearing away when BLUE became clear ahead.

To next mark

From previous mark

Wind 4 - 6 Knots

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

BLUE must bear away to give YELLOW room to sail to the mark, and then room for YELLOW to sail her proper course while at the mark

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

BLUE tries unsuccessfully to break the overlap before the zone. She will be able to give room at the mark, but at zone entry cannot immediately give YELLOW room to sail to the mark. Does BLUE break rule 18.2(b)?

YES. Mark-room is not only room to sail a proper course at the mark, but also room from zone entry to sail to the mark. BLUE should not have luffed.

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

When RED will reach the zone, she must give mark-room to the three other boats. They are all overlapped on her. If she does not, she will break rule 18.2(b). To avoid that, she must take early action before the zone so as to be able to give mark-room. So must the two BLUE boats, to give YELLOW room. Is there any exception to this? Not here, since mark-room can be given

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

If RED and the BLUE boats have been overlapped for some time, RED has to be ready to give them mark-room at the zone

YELLOW, clear astern of the other three, will have to give all of them mark-room if she enters the zone after them, even if she then gybes onto starboard tack with right of way under rule 10.

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

If RED and the BLUE boats have been overlapped for some time, RED has to be ready to give them mark-room at the zone

If YELLOW has only just become overlapped from clear astern, and the BLUE boat next to her will not be able to give her mark-room at the zone, BLUE is not required to give it. If she can then give it after zone entry, she must do so

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

(c) If a boat obtained an inside overlap from clear astern and, from the time the overlap began, the outside boat has been unable to give mark-room, she is not required to give it.

But if instead RED and the BLUE boats had overhauled YELLOW, they will have no excuse for not giving mark-room, and should already have started to ‘move over’ to be able to give that room

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

BLUE may try to shake off YELLOW’s overlap, before the zone is reached. If BLUE succeeds, she may sail for the mark knowing that YELLOW must now give her mark-room. This is at the risk of failing to shake off the overlap. If YELLOW is still overlapped at BLUE’s zone entry, nothing exempts BLUE from her obligation to give mark-room

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

Ideally, both boats would like to hold their course under spinnaker into the zone – it would be a proper course for both of them

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

Ideally, both boats would like to hold their course under spinnaker into the zone – it would be a proper course for both of them

They cannot. YELLOW, the right-of-way boat, on starboard tack, must give BLUE , the inside keep-clear boat, room to sail to the mark

BLUE cannot continue as far as she would like before gybing, and must take only the room she needs to sail in a seamanlike way to the mark

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room…

However, if an inside right-of-way boat wants to take more room than just room to sail to the mark, she may do so (subject to not delaying her gybe beyond her proper course), and the outside boat must keep clear under rule 11.

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18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room…

Once at the mark, the mark-room that has to be given is room for a boat to sail her proper course while at the mark

A proper course is the most efficient route she would take in the absence of the boat required to give her mark-room. This might entitle her to go wider to come out tight on the mark, but this right begins only once the boat is ‘at the mark’. If the inside boat did not have right of way from zone entry ‘to the mark’, she was not entitled to sail wider during that period, so she has little opportunity to exploit a proper course starting from the moment she is ‘at the mark’.

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18.4 GybingWhen an inside overlapped right-of-way boat must gybe at a mark to sail her proper course, until she gybes she shall sail no farther from the mark than needed to sail that course. Rule 18.4 does not apply at a gate mark.

The new last sentence means that YELLOW can belatedly decide to sail for the other gate mark and is not required to gybe at the one being passed

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SECTION C, AT MARKS AND OBSTRUCTIONS

18.5 ExonerationWhen a boat is taking mark-room to which she is entitled, she shall be exonerated

(a) if, as a result of the other boat failing to give her mark-room, she breaks a rule of Section A, or

(b) if, by rounding the mark on her proper course, she breaks a rule of Section A or rule 15 or 16

This gives exoneration for rule breaches that the boat entitled to mark-room may not have been compelled to make, so rule 64.1(c) cannot apply, but these clauses will

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18.5 ExonerationWhen a boat is taking mark-room to which she is entitled, she shall be exonerated

(a) if, as a result of the other boat failing to give her mark-room, she breaks a rule of Section A, or

(b) if, by rounding the mark on her proper course, she breaks a rule of Section A or rule 15 or 16.

GREEN was not giving RED mark-room and will be penalized. Rule 10 is not disapplied by rule 18, but RED is exonerated under rule 18.5(a) for breaking rule 10. Note however that there is no exoneration for RED for breaking rule 14 if there is avoidable injury or damage

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18.5 ExonerationWhen a boat is taking mark-room to which she is entitled, she shall be exonerated

(a) if, as a result of the other boat failing to give her mark-room, she breaks a rule of Section A, or

(b) if, by rounding the mark on her proper course, she breaks a rule of Section A or rule 15 or 16.

Rule 18.2(b) requires YELLOW to give mark-room to inside overlapped BLUE. YELLOW breaks the overlap inside the zone. YELLOW must still give mark-room (Rule 18.2(c)). She does not. BLUE is rounding on her proper course. BLUE is exonerated under rule18.5(a) for breaking rule 12

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18.5 ExonerationWhen a boat is taking mark-room to which she is entitled, she shall be exonerated

(a) if, as a result of the other boat failing to give her mark-room, she breaks a rule of Section A, or

(b) if, by rounding the mark on her proper course, she breaks a rule of Section A or rule 15 or 16.

Before the mark, BLUE is (just) keeping clear. At the mark, YELLOW bears away hard, but on her proper course, and does not give BLUE room to keep clear. YELLOW breaks rule 16.1 but is to be exonerated. BLUE breaks rule 11 by now not keeping clear – she must expect YELLOW’s bear-away

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BLUE, with rule 11 right-of-way, has to decide whether to pass the obstruction to windward or to leeward of the obstruction (rule 19.2(a)

If she decides to pass it to windward, then when she changes course to do so, she must give YELLOW room as required by rule 16, Changing Course, to continue to keep clear under rule 11

If she decides to pass it to leeward, she must give room for YELLOW to do likewise (rule 19.2(b)

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Because there is no ‘zone’, BLUE’s obligation to give room depends on whether she can do so when an overlap begins near an obstruction

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Because there is no ‘zone’, BLUE’s obligation to give room depends on whether she can do so when an overlap begins near an obstruction

Rule 19.2(b)

When boats are overlapped, the outside boat shall give the inside boat room between her and the obstruction, unless she has been unable to do so from the time the overlap began.

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When boats are approaching an obstruction off-wind on opposite tacks, they are overlapped, because the definition Overlap (which normally confines that term to same-tack boats and opposite tack boats at marks) extends it to boats sailing more than ninety degrees from the true wind

GREEN, on starboard, has rule 10 right of way and decides which way to pass the obstruction (rule 19.2(a)). If she bears away, she must give room to RED (rule 19.2(b)) if RED follows, and if in bearing away she gybes to port she must now keep clear of RED under rule 11

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19.2(c) While boats are passing a continuing obstruction, if a boat that was clear astern and required to keep clear becomes overlapped between the other boat and the obstruction and, at the moment the overlap begins, there is not room for her to pass between them, she is not entitled to room under rule 19.2(b). While the boats remain overlapped, she shall keep clear and rules 10 and 11 do not apply.

RED is a clear-astern keep-clear boat under rule 12. If she becomes overlapped inside YELLOW and there IS room to pass between, she is entitled to room, and she becomes right-of-way boat under rule 11

If there is no room for RED to pass between, she is not entitled to room. She instantly becomes required to keep clear, and rule 11 does not apply

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19.2(c) While boats are passing a continuing obstruction, if a boat that was clear astern and required to keep clear becomes overlapped between the other boat and the obstruction and, at the moment the overlap begins, there is not room for her to pass between them, she is not entitled to room under rule 19.2(b). While the boats remain overlapped, she shall keep clear and rules 10 and 11 do not apply.

GREEN is astern, but is the right-of-way boat under rule 10, and not the one required to keep clear. Rule 19.2(c) does not apply. Technically, the general right to room for GREEN under 19.2(b) applies, but more importantly rule 10 still applies. RED on port has to keep clear of GREEN on starboard, and the bank or shore is not relevant to that obligation

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We’re rounding!Test your knowledge

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YELLOW’s protest: BLUE should have given me room to keep clear when she bore away. BLUE also should have avoided the contact. Your decision?

Penalize YELLOW. YELLOW must not only keep clear but (if more) give BLUE mark-room to sail her proper course while at the mark (rule 18.2(b).

BLUE may break rule 16.1 by not giving room to YELLOW, but rule 18.5 exonerates BLUE – BLUE is taking mark-room to which she is entitled and rounding the mark on her proper course.

BLUE did break rule 14 by not avoiding contact, but cannot be penalised as there was no damage or injury.

The boats were overlapped at the zone. BLUE bears away hard round the windward mark, and there is contact (that is not immediate) with YELLOW, but no damage or injury.

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We’re rounding!Test your knowledge

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YELLOW’s protest: BLUE should have given me room to keep clear when she bore away. BLUE also should have avoided the contact. Your decision?

Penalize BLUE. By tacking in the zone, BLUE had no right to mark-room under rule 18.2(a). Rule 18.3, Tacking When Approaching a Mark, says so. YELLOW must keep clear under rule 11, and does so. BLUE breaks rule 16.1 by bearing away too hard. There is no exoneration under rule 18.5, as BLUE was not taking mark-room to which she was entitled.

BLUE did break rule 14 by not avoiding contact, but cannot be penalised for that as there was no damage or injury.

The same, except that they became overlapped on the same tack when BLUE tacked from port to starboard to a leeward overlap, changing tack in the zone.

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We’re rounding!Test your knowledge

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Which one is true?

1. BLUE will not have to gybe at the mark.

2. BLUE must gybe at the mark only if she became overlapped to leeward of YELLOW from clear astern

3. BLUE must gybe at the mark if they remain overlapped at the mark.

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We’re rounding!Test your knowledge

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Which one is true?

1. BLUE will not have to gybe at the mark.

2. BLUE must gybe at the mark only if she became overlapped to leeward of YELLOW from clear astern

3. BLUE must gybe at the mark if they remain overlapped at the mark.

To nextmark

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We’re rounding!Test your knowledge

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Which one of the following is true of an inside overlapped give-way boat like YELLOW at a starting mark?

1. She is never entitled to room

2. She is always entitled to room

3. She is sometimes entitled to room

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We’re rounding!Test your knowledge

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Which one of the following is true of an inside overlapped give-way boat like YELLOW at a starting mark?

1. She is never entitled to room

2. She is always entitled to room

3. She is sometimes entitled to room

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GOING BY THE RULES

STARTERS

What’s new for 2009 – quick guide

What’s new for 2009 – in detail

INGREDIENTS

Reading the signals

Major definitions in action

The Racing Rules of Sailing

The Definitions

What’s cooking?

THE MAIN COURSE

Basically and Fundamentally…

We’re racing!

We’re starting!

We’re rounding!

We’re taking turns!

We’re finishing!

We’re unhappy!