1st Semester Exam in Advanced Placement Biology

1. A student designs an experiment that determines the effectiveness of a particular enzyme. In the design, 4 types of food products are used. The experimenter uses 5ml, 10ml, 15ml, and 20ml of enzyme with each of the 4 food types. In addition, the experimenter places the 5ml and 10ml containers in the freezer. Which of the following statements BEST describes this experimental design?

A. This experimental design will easily be supported by other scientists.

B. This experimental design is flawed due to the lack of a control variable and the presence of multiple experimental variables.

C. This experimental design will produce multiple trials of data.D. This experimental design will show that an enzyme can work in

any temperature and any volume or concentration.

2. The enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions are macromolecules made of organiccompounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. These types of macromolecules are known as __________.

A. starchesB. sugarsC. proteinsD. fats

3. Which biomolecule's function is LEAST likely to be affected by the order of its singlemolecule units?

A. DNAB. starchC. RNAD. protein

4. Many plants have waxy coatings on some surfaces. This coating reduces water loss because it is not waterpermeable.This waxy coating is which of the following types of organic molecule?

A. carbohydrateB. lipidC. nucleic acidD. protein

5. Many land plants store energy in starch. When energy is needed, the starch molecules can be broken down quickly. This chemical reaction produces which of the following?

A. amino acidsB. lipidsC. monosaccharidesD. RNA chains

6. Which of the following macromolecules are a prominent part of animal tissues that function in insulation, helping animals conserve heat?

A. carbohydratesB. lipidsC. proteinsD. nucleic acids

7. Which is the MOST valid conclusion based on this graph?

A. Enzymes are not affected greatly by temperature.B. Enzymes work most effectively at low temperatures.C. Raising the temperature always makes an enzyme work

better.D. Enzyme function decreases after a certain favorable

temperature.

8. A student measured the time required for a protein sample to be completely digested in the presence of an enzyme under different pH levels. At which pH is the enzyme LEAST active?

A. 6.8B. 6.9C. 7.1D. 7.2

9. Which of the following are commonly found in organic molecules?

A. I, II I. CarbonB. II, IV II. NitrogenC. I, II, III III. PhosphorusD. I, II, III, IV IV. Helium

Nitrogen

Carbon

Phosphorus

10. Which of the following is a function of a carbohydrate?

A. forms the cell wallB. forms the cell membraneC. gene expressionD. regulates enzymes

11. Which of the following is a function of a protein?

A. forms the cell wallB. forms the cell membraneC. gene expressionD. regulates enzymes

12. What simple molecule reacts with itself to form this disaccharide?

A. DNAB. amino acidsC. glucoseD. lipids

13. Which structure can be found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A. mitochondrionB. nucleic acidC. nucleusD. chloroplast

14. Which structure does NOT belong in a prokaryotic cell?

A. DNAB. phosolipid membraneC. cytoplasmD. nuclear envelope

15. What kind of cells most likely result from uncontrolled growth due to mutations in genes that control the cell cycle?

A. nerve cellsB. bone cellsC. cancer cellsD. cardiac cells

16. What structure(s) allows chromosomes to separate and move during mitosis?

A. spindle apparatusB. nuclear envelopeC. chromatidsD. radiating fibers

17. In the Enzyme Substrate Complex, what is represented by Y ?

A. enzymeB. substrateC. active siteD. product

18. What does Step III illustrate?

A. enzyme specificityB. changes in enzymes after reactionC. conversion of substrate into productsD. release of activation energy

Use the chart to help you answer the following 4 questions.

19. What BEST completes the chart at I?

A. enzymeB. amino acidsC. monomerD. polymer

20. Which statement BEST describes the function of nucleic acids (IV)?

A. stores genetic information and helps to make proteinsB. increases the rate of chemical reactionsC. stimulates metabolism in all body cellsD. activates secretion of the body's hormones

21. What molecule is described in column III?

A. phosphatesB. lipidsC. polysaccharidesD. minerals

22. Complete the chart at II.

A. polysaccharidesB. biomoleculesC. amino acidsD. lipids

23. In guinea pigs, the allele for rough coat (R) is dominant over the allele for smooth coat (r). A heterozygous guinea pig and a homozygous recessive guinea pig are mated. Which of the following would be the phenotypes of the offspring?

A. all rough coatB. all smooth coatC. 2 rough coat and 2 smooth coatD. 3 rough coat and 1 smooth coat

24. Which of the following do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A. chloroplasts and cell wallsB. vacuoles and cell membranesC. chloroplasts and mitochondriaD. cell walls and cell membranes

25. Four of the six kingdoms are comprised of organisms that contain eukaryotic cells. Which structures in a cell would give you the BEST evidence that the cell is eukaryotic?

A. mitochondriaB. vacuolesC. cell wallsD. internal membranes

26. Which of the following do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A. chloroplasts and cell wallsB. vacuoles and cell membranesC. chloroplasts and mitochondriaD. cell walls and cell membranes

plant cells animal cells

27. Which of the following is arranged in the order of increasing levels of function?

A. atom, molecule, cellB. molecule, atom, cellC. cell, atom, moleculeD. cell, molecule, atom

atom

moleculecell

28. In the Nested Venn diagram, what kinds of cells are found in section III?

A. animalB. plantC. fungiD. fungi and plant

29. Identify the Venn diagram section(s) which includes prokaryotic cells.

A. IB. II, III, IVC. I, II, III, IVD. IV

30. Which sections do NOT include characteristics of cells from this organism?

A. IB. I, IIC. II, IIID. III, IV

31. Draw two cells, an animal cell and a plant cell. The animal cell will need at least six organelles drawn and labeled. The plant cell will need at least eight organelles drawn and labeled. Two of the plant organelles will need to be ones not found in an animal cell.

Animal CellPlant Cell

Diagrams should have six of the same structures, and 2 in the plant only found there.

31. Draw two cells, an animal cell and a plant cell. The animal cell will need at least six organelles drawn and labeled. The plant cell will need at least eight organelles drawn and labeled. Two of the plant organelles will need to be ones not found in an animal cell.

Animal CellPlant Cell

31. Draw two cells, an animal cell and a plant cell. The animal cell will need at least six organelles drawn and labeled. The plant cell will need at least eight organelles drawn and labeled. Two of the plant organelles will need to be ones not found in an animal cell.

Animal CellPlant Cell

Use your diagrams above to answer the following three questions.

32. Identify the two organelles in the diagrams that are NOT found in the animal cell.

cell wall Chloroplasts large central vacuole

Use your diagrams above to answer the following question.

33. What is the purpose of the two organelles?cell wall that surrounds the cell membrane,

thereby making the cells in plants more sturdy. chloroplasts which capture sunlight for

photosynthesis large central vacuole for water storage.

Use your diagrams above to answer the following question.

34. How do the two pictures relate to evidence

of the cell theory?Answers will vary. All cells have similar parts.

Discuss the evidence for the cell theory

The cell theory states that:1. Cells are the smallest unit of life 2. All organisms are composed of one or more cells3. All cells come from preexisting cells

• The cell theory can’t be ‘proven true’ because that would require us to examine every single cell, which would be an impossible task. However the theory would be ‘proven false’ if a scientist made a discovery that violated the existing cell theory.

•Evidence for the cell theory comes from observation and experimentation. When observed with a light microscope, every kind of cell - from every kind of organism – has so far upheld the central tenets of the cell theory.

•The statement that all living cells come from pre-existing cells does not mean that life has always existed; biologists believe that self-replicating molecules gradually evolved into the earliest cells.

• There is compelling evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once primitive bacterial cells. This evidence is described in the endosymbiotic theory.

Use the following diagram to answer the next three questions.

35. During which part of the cell cycle does this process occur?A. MB. SC. G1D. G2 Mitosis

36. Refer to the diagram. Arrange the stages in order.

A. I, II, III, IV, V, VIB. VI, II, I, IV, V, IIIC. III, VI, I, IV, II, VD. V, II, IV, I, II, VI

37. What is the name of this process?

A. metaphaseB. mitosisC. meiosisD. mucousis

38. Explain the process illustrated in the diagram.

A. passage of water molecules through a Semipermeable membrane to equalize concentration

B. movement of molecules against a concentration gradient expending energy

C. separation of suspended particles from a fluid environment through a porous membrane

D. transport of molecules across a membrane from a high to low concentration gradient by means of a carrier molecule

39. Which statement does NOT describe cell cycle checkpoints?

A. Normal checkpoints assess damage to DNA.B. Faulty checkpoints may lead to abnormal cell

growth.C. Cell checkpoints can fail in mitosis and

meiosis.D. Defective checkpoints result in the death of

the cell.

40. The compound synthesized during photosynthesis is_________________ .

A. H2O

B. CO2

C. O2

D. C6H12O6

41. Refer to the diagram. Choose the terms that complete the diagram at X and Y.

A. X oxygen, Y carbon dioxideB. X energy, Y energy C. X energy, Y carbon dioxideD. X water, Y energy

42. What equation BEST describes the process occurring at A?

A. H2O + CO2 C6H1 2O6 + H2O

B. O2 + C6H12O6 H2O + CO2

C. H2O + CO2 C6H1 2O6 + O2

D. H2O + O2 C6H1 2O6 + CO2

43. What equation describes the process occurring at B?

A. H2O + CO2 C6H1 2O6 + H2O

B. O2 + C6H1 2O6 H2O + CO2

C. H2O + CO2 C6H1 2O6 + O2

D. H2O + O2 C6H1 2O6 + CO2

44. Which statement applies to meiosis, but not mitosis?

A. Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cells.

B. Daughter cells are genetically different from parent cells.

C. The number of chromosomes in daughter cells is the same as the number in the parent cell.

D. The number of chromosomes in daughter cells is more than in parent cells.

45. What is the purpose of mitosis?

A. Guarantees that each daughter cell has half the amount of DNA than parent cells.

B. It ensures that new nuclei have the correct amount of DNA.

C. It ensure the reproduction of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

D. It prevents the occurrence of cancer cells

46. Which of the following includes two requirements that are needed for photosynthesis AND aerobic respiration?

A. electron charge transport system and regulating enzymes

B. oxygen and carbon dioxideC. glucose and waterD. carbon dioxide and electron charge transport

system

47. Meiosis plays a more significant role in reproduction than mitosis in which of the following?

A. increasing the variability of genetic information

B. more efficiently using energy in the cell division process

C. more rapidly reproducing and growingD. increasing the process of asexual

Reproduction

48. In both mitosis and meiosis a specific process occurs the same number of times. What is that process?

A. The cytoplasm is divided evenly between the cells.

B. The DNA in the chromosomes is duplicated.C. The cells divide into equally sized halves.D. The chromosomes align themselves at

opposite ends of the cells.

49. Compared with mitosis, the process of meiosis results in ___________________ .

A. greater number of cell chromosomes per cellB. greater volume of cell cytoplasm per cellC. greater number of daughter cellsD. greater amount of genetic material per cell

50. What is the purpose of ATP in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

A. to breakdown glucose to release energyB. to transfer energy from one molecule to

anotherC. to work as an enzymeD. to absorb electrons from water

51. During intense aerobic activity, the rate of respiration and circulation increases. Which of the following BEST describes why this occurs?

A. Muscle tissues deplete their oxygen supply at a faster rate during exercise resulting in an increased level of carbon dioxide.

B. Lung tissue requires more carbon dioxide to deliver the increased amount of oxygen required by muscle tissue during exercise.

C. Levels of carbon dioxide in muscle tissue decrease during exercise due to the increased amount of oxygen being used.

D. The amount of oxygen required during exercise decreases due to the increase of production of carbon dioxide by muscle tissues.

52. The body can respond to a drastic decrease in skin temperature in a variety of ways in order to conserve heat and to increase heat production. Which of the following is NOT one such response?

A. vasodialation to decrease the flow of heat to the skin

B. cessation of sweating C. shivering to increase heat production in the

muscles D. erection of body hairs or fur to increase Insulation

53. The body depends on feedback loops to maintain a constant internal environment. Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop?

A. the generation of nerve signals by the release of sodium ions

B. release of gastric fluids to maintain a consistent pH level in the stomach

C. the release of oxytocin to stimulate contractions during childbirth

D. the activation of platelets in the formation of a blood clot

54. Organisms in both aquatic and terrestrial environments must maintain the right amount of water and proper concentration of solutes in their body fluids. This balance of solutes and water is known as osmoregulation. Which of the following is NOT an example of osmoregulation?

A. fish retaining high concentrations of urea in their blood

B. humans excreting sweat through the skin C. increase in level of oxygen retention in body cells D. regulation of the amount of water in urine waste

55. What conclusion can be drawn from the following statements regarding adaptation of organisms?

1. Variation exists among individuals in a population.2. Genes are passed from one generation to the next.3. Speciation occurs when variation occurs over time in

geographic isolation.

A. Organisms adapt to changes in the environment on an individual basis.

B. Adaptation leads to change in a species.C. Variation is caused by a single factor.D. Species only adapt when they make the decision to adapt.

56. Likenesses in structure between parts of different organisms which are evidence of common ancestry are called—

A. phylogeniesB. analogiesC. genealogiesD. homologies

57. Speciation occurs when variation occurs over time in geographic isolation.

A. Organisms adapt to changes in the environment on an individual basis.

B. Adaptation leads to change in a species.C. Variation is caused by a single factor.D. Species only adapt when they make the

decision to adapt.

58. Likenesses in structure between parts of different organisms which are evidence of

common ancestry are called—

A. phylogeniesB. analogiesC. genealogiesD. homologies

59. The ability of an organism to compete successfully for environmental resources, survive predation, resist disease, and live to adulthood affects the organism’s _______________ .

A. reproductive differentialB. genetic variabilityC. genetic potentialD. physical fitness

reproductive differential

60. Which of the following are homologous structures?

A. bee wings and bird wingsB. legs on a beetle and legs on a catC. bird wings and bat wingsD. human eyebrows and ant antenna

bird wings and bat wings

61. The total number of different alleles present in a population make up a ___________ .

A. genotypeB. phenotypeC. gene poolD. gene flow

62. Which pair illustrates analogous structures?

A. butterfly wings and dolphin finsB. fish fins and whale flippersC. moth wings and butterfly wingsD. penguin wings and ostrich wings

63. Which statement does not accurately describe natural selection?

A. Individual organisms change their genes to adapt to their environment.

B. The genetic composition of a population changes from one generation to the next.

C. More advantageous traits become more common in populations.

D. Beneficial and useful traits are inheritable.

64. The occurrence of the same amino acid sequence in digestive proteins in two morphologically unrelated species provides evidence that these two species

A. occupy the same nicheB. have homologous structuresC. descended from a common ancestorD. have evolved convergently

65. A human fetus, when compared to a dolphin fetus, exhibits all of the following similarities during development EXCEPT:

A. pharyngeal gill slitsB. a bony tailC. finsD. a coat of fine fur

human fetus dolphin fetus

pharyngeal gill slits

a bony tail

fins

a coat of fine fur

66. In cats, the bones in the legs involved in walking are very similar to the bones in whales’ flippers that are involved in swimming. Although they have different functions, these bones, called homologous structures, lead us to the theory that cats and whales:

A. lived in the same time periodB. have a common ancestorC. are both great swimmersD. have analogous structures to begin with

cats leg bones

whales' flippers bone

67. Which of the following is an example of a heritable characteristic possessed by an

animal that will improve its reproductive potential and survivability in its environment?

A. position of geese flying in V formationB. color and shape camouflage of preying mantisC. muscle atrophy in aging dogsD. male dominance in a pack of wolves

68. Organisms with functionally similar structures that come from different

taxonomic groups illustrate —

A. convergent evolutionB. divergent evolutionC. coevolutionD. parallel evolution

69. Which part of Darwin’s theory of natural selection can be used to describe the following predator/prey relationship?

When an eagle preys on mice, some mice are killed and some escape.

A. directional selectionB. vestigial structuresC. survival of the fittestD. homologous structures

70. Geographical isolation as a barrier for groups of organisms is determined by—

A. the ability of organisms to move freelyB. the fitness of the organism in its new

environmentC. the success of the population to compete for

resourcesD. the size of the new habitats

71. Heritable structures or behaviors that an organism possesses that allow it to more

efficiently use its environment are—

A. acclimationsB. adaptationsC. variationsD. mutations

72. What theory explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria in eukaryotic

cells?

A. theory of natural selectionB. cell theoryC. endosymbiotic theoryD. theory of evolution

73. Looking through the fossil record, there are times when numerous fossils look to just appear all at the same time, with similar characteristics. What is a good explanation for this?

A. A change in the environment occurred, and animals

choose to express different traits.B. New species are always just occurring, and there is no

reason for it.C. Ancient man killed off all the animals, and they raised new

animals, which are then found in the fossil record.D. A change in the environment caused different genetic

traits to allow for a greater chance of survival and the fossil record shows this.

74. Which structures in figures 2 and 3 are homologous to C in figure 1?

A. figure 2 – T & figure 3 – MB. figure 2 – V & figure 3 – OC. figure 2 – W & figure 3 – ND. figure 2 – U & figure 3 – P

75. Some animals will lay thousands of eggs, many more than could be supported by the environmental resources in their area. How does inherited variation allow for a population with limited resources to adapt over time?

In any given generation, populations tend to create more offspring than can survive to reproductive age. As the population increases, and traits that made the ancestor successful therefore also increase in frequency. Natural selection leads to adaptation, in which an organism's traits conform to the environment's conditions for existence.

Inherited variation allows for the animals with the better traits to survive to pass along their genetic code to the next generation.

76. A biologist is studying an environment that contains many different types of finches. Describe two methods the biologist could use to determine how closely the different types of finches are related. Explain how the biologist will be able to interpret the results of each method.

You can test their genetics- take a feather or blood from each type. You could also group them by similar colors or features (such as type of beak).

The biologist should collect samples of DNA from each finch. The finches with the most similar DNA sequences are probably most closely related. The biologist can also compare structural similarities. Finches with more similar structures are probably more closely related.

- The biologist can collect samples of DNA or body fluids from each finch. The finches with the most similar DNA sequence, or whose body fluids contain the most similar molecules, are probably most closely related.- The biologist can compare the adaptations or body structures of the finches. The finches with the most similar adaptations or structures are probably most closely related.- The biologist could try breeding the different finches. Finches that can successfully interbreed are more closely related than those that cannot.

77. A good hypothesis _____________ .

A. can be tested by experimentB. can be an educated guess predicting the

outcome of an experimentC. can only be formed when you know

something about what is going to happenD. may be described by all of the above

78. Unlike most substances, water is unusual because it _________ when it goes from the liquid to solid state.

A. contractsB. meltsC. expandsD. diffuses

expands

End of Exam