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Shraih is the moral code and religious law of Islam.

Sharia deals with many topics addressed by secular law, including crime, politics and economics, as well as personal matters such as Marriage, Foods, prayer, and fasting

The sharia is characterized as a discussion on the duties of Muslims based on both the opinion of the Muslim community and extensive literature

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Primary sources of Islamic law: The principles set forth in the Quran, The example set by the Holy prophet

Muhammad in the Sunnah. Secondary Sources

Islamic jurisprudence interprets and extends the application of sharia to questions not directly addressed in the primary sources by including secondary sources.

These secondary sources usually include the consensus of the religious scholars embodied in ijma, and analogy from the Quran and Sunnah through Qiyas.

Shaitee jurists prefer to apply reasoning ('aql) rather than

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Major schools of Sunni fiqh, which include the Hanafi, Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali

The Salafi movement also looks to the actions and sayings of the first three generations of Muslims for guidance, in addition to the Quran and Sunnah,

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In Imami-Shi'i law, the sources of law (usul al-fiqh)

The Quran, anecdotes of Holy prophet Muhammad's practices and those of The Twelve Imams, and the intellect ('aql).

Most Shia Muslims follow the Ja'fari school of thought

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Secular Muslim states: Kazakhstan and Turkey

Religious interference in state affairs, law and politics is prohibited

The role of sharia is limited to personal and family matters.

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Pakistan, Indonesia, Egypt, Sudan, Morocco and Malaysia legal systems strongly influenced by shariaultimate authority to their constitutions and

the rule of law In these countries, politicians and jurists

make law, rather than religious scholarsSignificant differences is noted when

compared to classical sharia

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Saudi Arabia and some Gulf states do not have constitutions or legislaturesRulers have limited authority to change

lawsLaw is based on sharia as it is interpreted

by their religious scholars Iran shares some of these characteristics,

but also has a parliament that legislates in a manner consistent with sharia

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Consensus = Ijma Analogical deduction = Qiyas Preference = Istehsan al-maslaha al-mursalah, which means

social benefit Common practice = urf Taqlid = as was said before

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• Concept– Literal– In Fiqah

• From Quran,Caliphat and Fiqah• Needs and limitations• Practice of Ijtehad

– By Individual– By Institutions

• Epilogue_Doors open or closed ?

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Sharia can be divided into five main branches:

Ibadah (ritual worship) Mu'amalat (transactions and contracts) Adab (morals and manners), I'tiqadat (beliefs) Uqubat (punishments)

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• Legal Rulings

The Shariah regulates all human actions and puts them into five categories:• Obligatory• Recommended• Permitted • Disliked • Forbidden

Obligatory actions must be performed and when performed with good intentions are rewarded.

• Its opposite is the forbidden. • Recommended action is that which should

be done. Its opposite is the disliked.• Permitted action is that which is neither

encouraged nor discouraged. Most human actions fall in this last category

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fard (obligatory), Actions in the fard category are those required of all Muslims. They include the five daily prayers, fasting, articles of faith, obligatory charity, and the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca.

mustahabb (recommended), The recommended, permissible and discouraged categories are drawn largely from accounts of the life of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. the mustahabb category includes proper behavior in matters such as marriage, funeral rites and family life, as civil law in the West. behavior is not mustahabb can be ruled against by the judge.

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• MUBAH (neutral), • All behavior which is neither discouraged nor

recommended, neither forbidden nor required is of the Mubah; it is permissible.

• MAKRUH (discouraged),• Makruh behavior, while it is not sinful of itself, is

considered undesirable among Muslims. It may also make a Muslim liable to criminal penalties under certain circumstances.

• HARAAM (forbidden)• Haraam behavior is explicitly forbidden. It is both sinful

and criminal. It includes all actions expressly forbidden in the Qur'an. Certain Muslim dietary and clothing restrictions also fall into this category.

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• Primary–Quran–Sunnah

• Secondary– Ijma–Qyais– Ijtehad– Istidlal– Istehsan–Taqleed

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Need Wisdom Social Welfare

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The doors of Ijtihad are closed Individual ijtehad Possible ? The scope includes definitive matters

such as the prohibition of Riba (usury) It is the reasoning of an individual and

therefore cannot be a shariah rule Ijtehad possible where Islamic evidences

have not discussed directly i.e. upon new issues

Ijtehad is an individual obligation and therefore Taqleed is prohibited

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In the fourth century of Hijrah a person called al-Qaffal issued a Fatwa closing the door of Ijtihad, thus he was called al-Qaffal which means the one who closes something

Imam Ghazali_ “freezing Islamic thinking in time”

During the Mogul invasion. Rulers feared that under pressure of occupation by non-Muslim forces that Ijtihad may lead to misinterpretations

Only with security can one tolerate differences. If the self is threatened it clutches to certainties, wants to keep them and builds on them.

In times of crises multiplicity of opinion is not encouraged and Ijtihad is endangered.

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• "Ijtihad" constitutes and effort to opt for one of two or more possible solutions in a given situation and to provide legal justification for that solution with legal justification”

• Ijtihad is subjective, it starts with your belief and conscience. Science is objective, it starts with a tabula raza. You start with no basic values

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In Quran• Ijtehad literally means ‘to exert’. In the

Islamic terminology it means to exert with a view to form an independent judgement on a legal question. It has its origin in the well-known verse of the Qur’an ‘And to those who exert we show our path.’

• Ijtehad + consensus = IJMA

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• Hazrat Ali, when consulted by Caliph Uthman on the punishment which should be meted out to those who drank wine, he advised; • “We apply the punishment for calumny’, namely

eighty lashes of the whip, because ‘if a person becomes intoxicated, he knows not what he says, and in such a condition he commits calumny.” Thus, through this analogy, drinking of wine was linked to calumny.

• Other examples of Ijtehad by orthodox Caliphs are as follows; • Punishment as prescribed by the Qur’an for the

thief, male or female, is to cut off their hands, but the Caliph ‘Umar suspended it in the year of famine because of necessity and in order that people might keep alive.

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• Caliph ‘Umar , observed the principle of sound analogy (Tawil) in the interpretation of the Qur’anic verse:

• Alms are only for the poor and the needy, and those who collect them and for those whose hearts are to be reconciled, and to free the captives and the debtors, and for the cause of Allah and the wayfarer, a duty imposed by God. (9:60)

• The words, ‘those whose hearts are to be reconciled’, refer to a group of weavers who were included among the recipients of the alms. The verse is silent as to the cause why this group was included among the recipients of alms.

• The sole object was to win them over to the side of Islam on account of their influence and the high esteem in which they were held in their tribe.

• Caliph ‘Umar refused to give them alms when Islam had gained in strength saying: ‘These were payments from the Prophet (Pbuh) to you in order to win you over for Islam

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• Imam Abu Hanifa and Abu Yusuf are reported by Ibn Qyyaim al-Jawziah to have said, ‘It is not legitimate for anyone to follow our view until he has learned the source where from we derived those views

• Imam Mohammad, and Imam Yusuf both students of Imam Hanifa, rejected eighty percent of Ijtehad of their teacher Abu Hanifa in the light of new sources and changed conditions

• The Fiqh Hanafi as it exists today is based on the Ijtehad of both these students, that is, Imam Yusuf and Imam Mohammad

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• Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, reputed the most meticulous adherent to the traditions said, “Do not imitate me, Malik, AlShafi’i or al-Thawri but learn from the source from which they learned.”

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• Interpretation is incumbent upon every man of learning.

• They also prove that the interpreter is liable to err.

• Ibn Qayyim writes,• “The sharia is all justice, kindness, common

good and wisdom. Any rule that departs from justice to injustice ... or departs from common good (Maslaha) to harm (Mafsada) ... is not part of Sharia, even if it is arrived at by literal interpretation”

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Limitations

Cant be invoke in :Creation of universeOneness of AllahFaiths5 Pillars of Islam

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• Iqbal_ worldly matters (muamalaat) relate to the rights of the people and are subject to change and modification

• King Hussein _(Jordan),• "When Ijtihad-the possibility of

reconciling faith and present-day life-stopped a long time ago, We need to do whatever we can to repair that mistake."

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FIQ FORMATION OF IJMA' RATIONALE

Hanafithrough public agreement of Islamic jurists

the jurists are experts on legal matters

Shafi'ithrough agreement of the entire community and public at large

the people cannot agree on anything erroneous

Malikithrough agreement amongst the residents of Medina, the first Islamic capital

Islamic tradition says "Medina expels bad people like the furnace expels impurities from iron"

Hanbalithrough agreement and practice of Muhammad's Companions

they were the most knowledgeable on religious matters and rightly guided

Usuli

only the consensus of the ulama of the same period as the Prophet or Shia Imams is binding.

consensus is not genuinely binding in its own right, rather it is binding in as much as it is a means of discovering the Sunnah.

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• Two basic elements of Law– Dignity– Flexible according to need

• Gap b/w message and meaning• Issues of Language• Rapidly Changing Culture and ideas• Revival of Religion• A return to traditional views of Sharia• The Islamist movement-neo-Sharism, Political Islam• The Fundamentalist movement-Hadood Laws• Extremism-justifying terrorism• Law is there but cause is developing• Law itself is developing• Law is there but situation is new• Law and cause both are developing

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• Cloning• Organ transplantation• Blood Transformation• RFB• Lewis Brown• Share Trade• Concept of Islamic State• Globalization and its challenges

– Jet Lag– Geographical lag

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Individual_Mujtahid.Concept of Shah Wali Ullah_Ulema Muslim Sane Intelligent Expert in Arabic language U’loomul quran U’loomul hadeeth I’lmul ijtihaad wal taqleed Practitioner Muslim Punctual in Shraih

Any Possibility ???????

Sir syed Ahmed Khan_ Intellectuals

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• Institutional Parliament _Iqbal Cabinet_ Molana Azad Courts_ Justice Javid National Institutions _ Courts, Council of Islamic

Ideology, Federal Shariat Court, Research Institutions

– International Ijtehad Organization of Islamic Cooperation Jamaiya Azhar Bait ulqum Islamic Research Foundation Dar ul Uloom Deoband

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