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Study on heavy metals levels and its risk assessment in some edible fishes from

Bangshi River, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh

M. Safiur Rahman a,⇑, A. Hossain Molla b, Narottam Saha b, Atiqur Rahman c

a Environmental Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, GPO Box 3787, Dhaka 1000, Bangladeshb Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladeshc Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 27 December 2011

Received in revised form 1 March 2012

Accepted 22 March 2012

Available online 30 March 2012

Keywords:

Heavy metals

Health risks

Fish muscle

Bangshi River

a b s t r a c t

Concentrations of eight heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, and As) in the muscles of ten species of

fish collected from Bangshi River at Savar in Bangladesh were measured in two different seasons. The

concentrations of the studied heavy metals, except Pb in Corica soborna, were found to be below the safe

limits suggested by various authorities and thus gave no indication of pollution. The present study also

showed that, Zn was the most and Cd was the least accumulated metal in the studied fish muscles.

ANOVA analysis clearly revealed that there was a significant variation (CI = 95%) of the heavy metal

concentrations in different fish species in the Bangshi River. Significant positive correlations between

the heavy metal concentrations in fish muscles were also observed in both seasons. From the human

health point of view, this study showed that there was no possible health risk to consumers due to intake

of studied fishes under the current consumption rate.

Crown Copyright 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Heavy metals are potentially accumulated in marine environ-

ments including water, sediments, and fish, and subsequently

transferred to human beings through the food chain. The consump-

tion of fish has increased in importance among the health con-

scious due to their high protein supply, low saturated fat and

omega fatty acids content that are known to contribute to good

health (Copat et al., 2012). However, heavy metals pollution in fish

has become an important worldwide concern, not only because of

the threat to fish, but also due to the health risks associated with

fish consumption. For example, lead causes renal failure and liver

damage (Lee et al., 2011; Luckey & Venugopal, 1977). Moreover,

prolonged exposure to lead will result in coma, mental retardation

and even death (Al-Busaidi et al., 2011). Cadmium injures the

kidney and cause symptoms of chronic toxicity, including impaired

kidney function, poor reproductive capacity, hypertension, tu-

mours and hepatic dysfunction (Al-Busaidi et al., 2011; Luckey &

Venugopal, 1977; Rahman & Islam, 2010). Some other metals

(e.g. chromium, zinc, and copper) cause nephritis, anuria and

extensive lesions in the kidney (Luckey & Venugopal, 1977;

Rahman & Islam, 2009). Therefore, the problem of heavy metal

contamination in fishes is increasing global attention.

The increased industrialization, urbanization, population

growth and overall man’s greed to exploit Mother Nature has

aggravated the pollution. Heavy metals discharged into the marine

environment (Rahman, Molla, & Arafat, 2010) can damage marine

species diversity as well as ecosystems, due to their toxicity, long

persistence, and accumulative behavior (Ebrahimpour, Pourkhab-

baz, Baramaki, Babaei, & Rezaei, 2011; Saha & Zaman, 2011), and

finally assimilated by human consumers resulting in health risks.

The concern is growing more and more serious globally especially

in developing countries (Chen, Qian, Chen, & Li, 2011). Among the

bioindicators of aquatic ecosystem, fishes are often deemed as the

most suitable objects because they occupy high trophic level and

are important food source of human population (Abdel-Baki, Dkhil,

& Al-Quraishy, 2011). Metal content in the tissues and organs of

fishes indicates the concentrations of metals in water and their

accumulation in food chains (Pintaeva, Bazarsadueva, Radnaeva,

Pertov, & Smirnova, 2011). Fishes are well-known for their ability

to concentrate heavy metals in their muscles. Therefore, in this

study we selected muscles as a primary site of metal uptake and

since fishes are integral component of human diet, they need to

carefully screened to ensure that unnecessary high level of heavy

metals are not being transferred to human population via con-

sumption of fish.

The objective of this study was to assess contamination status

of eight heavy metals in the muscles of ten common fish species

in Bangshi River, close to Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ),

Bangladesh. An assessment on human health risks due to con-

sumption of those fishes has been conducted.

0308-8146/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.099

⇑ Corresponding author. Address: Department of Environmental Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3J 1Z1.

E-mail address: [email protected] (M.S. Rahman).

Food Chemistry 134 (2012) 1847–1854

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Food Chemistry

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / f o o d c h e m

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.099

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2. Materials and methods

2.1. Sampling site

The 238 km long Bangshi River is an important river in central

Bangladesh. It originates in Jamalpur and passes through Tangai,

Ghazipur and Savar before flowing into Dhaleshwari River. In Savar

it flows through densely populated town and agricultural fieldsthat was used as a source of water in the past. Now it is used as

a convenient means for disposing of untreated liquid wastes from

Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ). Although pharmaceutical

industries, poultry farms and a tannery have been established

there, textile manufacturers, including dyeing and printing units,

dominate the area. As a consequence, Bangshi River is being pol-

luted by increasing concentration of different kinds of pollutants

including heavy metals, putting thousands of people of 12 villages

in this area into tremendous health hazard. Thus, Bangshi River has

been selected for this study (Fig. 1).

2.2. Sample collection and preservation

Ten species of fish available in Bangshi River were collecteddirectly from fishermen during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon.

The species were Mastacembelus armatus (common Bengali name

Baim), Gudusia chapra (Chaplia), Puntius ticto (Puti), Notopterus not-

opterus (Foli), Corica soborna (Kachki), Setipinna phasa (Fhassa),

Amblypharyngodon mola (Mola), Mystus vittatus (Tengra), Heterpon-

eustes fossilis (Singh), Clupisoma pseudeutropius (Batashi), as shown

in Fig. 2. Immediately after collection fish samples were washed

thoroughly with fresh water in order to remove mud or other foul-

ing substances and put in clean polythene bag to transport the fish

samples into the analytical chemistry laboratory of Institute of

Nuclear Science and Technology, BAEC. After transportation to

the laboratory, the fish samples were allowed to reach room tem-

perature and non-edible parts were removed with the help of a

steam cleaned stainless steel knife. The edible portion of the fish

samples were then washed with distilled water and cut into small

pieces (2–3 cm) using the cleaned knife over a clean polyethylene

sheet. The samples were then air dried to remove the extra water.

Finally the muscle tissues were oven dried until the constant

weight were obtained. The dried samples were powdered in glass

mortar, sieved through 1 mm mesh and stored in airtight plastic

vials inside desiccators.

2.3. Digestion

The dried fish samples were digested according to the method

described in Hanson (1973). For this, 0.5 g of powdered fish was

taken in a digestion apparatus and 2.5 ml of conc. H2SO4 and

4.0 ml conc. HNO3 were introduced. When the initial vigorous

reaction subsided, the mixture was heated slowly on an oil bath,

with the addition of 3/4 drops of H2O2. This step was repeated till

the solution became clear. The mixture was heated for additional

20 min. at about 150 C and allowed to cool to room temperature

(Rahman, 2004). The content was diluted with deionized water

and filtered quantitatively into a 50 ml volumetric flask.

2.4. Analytical methods

The solutions were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, and As

by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Model AA-6800, Shima-

dzu Corporation, Japan) using air-acetylene flame with digital read

out system. Analytical conditions for the measurement of the

heavy metals in aqueous solution using AAS were tabulated in Ta-

ble 1. The instrument calibration standards were made by diluting

standard (1000 ppm) supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Industry

Ltd., Japan. The results were expressed as mg/kg or ppm of dry

weight. Double distilled water was used throughout the study.

All glassware and containers were thoroughly cleaned, finally

rinsed with double distilled water for several times and air-dried

prior to use.

Fig. 1. Locationg map of the study area (Bangshi River, Savar, Dahaka, Bangladesh).

1848 M.S. Rahman et al. / Food Chemistry 134 (2012) 1847–1854

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2.5. Accuracy check

The analytical procedure was checked using standard reference

material MA-A-2 (TM), fish flesh homogenate and MA-B-3 (TM),

lyophilized fish tissue. These fish samples were prepared and pro-

vided by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna.

The results indicated a good agreement between the certifiedand observed values. The standard deviations of the means ob-

served for the reported certified materials were between 1–7%

and the percentage recovery was between 95–106% as shown in

Table 2.

2.6. Statistical analysis

All samples were collected and analyzed in duplicate and the

duplicate tests were statistically similar is paired-samples t -test,

at 95% significance. The average results were used to represent

the data. Statistical software, Minitab 16.0 for Windows, was used

to test two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% significance

to investigate the effect of seasons and different fish species on

variation of the metal concentrations in studied fishes. Other calcu-lations were performed by Microsoft Excel 2010.

3. Results

3.1. Heavy metal concentrations in fish muscles

Concentrations of eight heavy metals, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn,

and As in muscle tissue of ten fish species from Bangshi River dur-

ing pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons were listed in Table 3.

It revealed that the ranking order of mean concentrations of the

heavy metals in the fish muscles were, Zn (168.97)> Mn

(23.77) > Cu (22.80) > Pb (4.64) > As (3.55) > Ni (2.59) > Cr (1.12) >

Cd (0.30) (mean; mg/kg dry wt.) respectively. Among the analyzed

fish samples, Pb was detected in amount ranging from 1.76–10.27,

Cd from 0.09–0.87, Ni from 0.69–4.36, Cr from 0.47–2.07, Cu from

8.33–43.18, Zn from 42.83–418.05, Mn from 9.43–51.17 and As

from 1.97–6.24 mg/kg-dry wt. basis.

3.1.1. Lead (Pb)

Lead is a non-essential element and it is well documented that

Pb can cause neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and many others ad-

verse health effects (Garcia-Leston, Mendez, Pasaro, & Laffon,

2010). The details of lead concentration detected for individual fishof both seasons were given in Table 3. Among individual fish spe-

Fig. 2. Photographs of ten fish species of fishes collected from the Bangshi River, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Footnotes (Italic letter: Scientific Name, In parenthesis: Local

Name).

Table 1

Analytical conditions for measurement of heavy metals in aqueous solution using

AAS.

Elements Wavelength

(nm)

Slit

(nm)

Lamp

Current

(mA)

Mode Calibration

Range (mg/

L)

Detection

limit (mg/

L)

Pb 283.3 0.5 10 Flame 0.0–3.0 0.04

Cd 228.8 0.5 8 Flame 0.0–1.2 0.006

Ni 232.0 0.2 12 Flame 0.0–3.0 0.015Cr 357.9 0.5 10 Flame 0.0–2.0 0.01

Cu 324.8 0.2 6 Flame 0.0–3.0 0.006

Zn 213.9 0.2 8 Flame 0.0–1.6 0.005

Mn 285.2 0.5 8 Flame 0.0–2.0 0.02

As 193.7 0.5 12 HVG 0.001–

0.006

0.01

Table 2

Concentrations of metals found in Certified Reference Materials MA-A-2 (TM) and

MA-B-3 (TM) from IAEA (means ± standard errors, in mg/kg as dry wt.) by AAS (n = 3).

Element Certified value Observed value Deviation (%) Recovery (%)

MA-A-2 (TM)

Cd 0.066 ± 0.004 0.063 ± 0.01 4.55 95.45

Ni 1.1 ± 0.20 1.14 ± 0.1 3.64 103.63

Cr 1.3 ± 0.1 1.24 ± 0.0 4.62 95.38

Cu 4 ± 0.1 4.06 ± 0.31 1.50 101.5

Zn 33 ± 1.0 34 ± 0.23 3.03 103.03

Mn 0.81 ± 0.04 0.80 ± 0.01 1.23 98.77

As 2.6 ± 0.1 2.53 ± 0.24 2.69 97.31

MA-B-3 (TM)

Pb 4.62 ± 0.64 4.92 ± 0.55 6.49 106.49

Cu 3.08 ± 0.36 3.12 ± 0.38 1.30 101.30

M.S. Rahman et al. / Food Chemistry 134 (2012) 1847–1854 1849

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cies, C. soborna (10.27 mg/kg) contained the highest lead concen-

tration during pre-monsoon whereas C. pseudeutropius (1.76 mg/

kg) contained the lowest during post-monsoon. The maximum per-

mitted concentration of Pb proposed by Australian National Health

and Medical Research Council (ANHMRC) is 2.0 mg/kg as wet

weight basis (Bebbington et al., 1977; Plaskett & Potter, 1979), that

is 9.6 mg/kg as dry weight, considering the conversion factor of 4.8(79% moisture content) for fresh weight. According to UK Lead (Pb)

in Food Regulations, Pb concentration in fish should not exceed

2 mg/kg as fresh weight basis (Cronin et al., 1998). There is also

legislation in other countries regulating the maximum concentra-

tion of metals. For instance, Spanish legislation also limits the

levels for Pb at 2 mg/kg (Demirak, Yilmaz, Tuna, & Ozdemir,

2006). The present observation showed that level of Pb in one fish

species (C. Soborna) among the ten species was beyond the pro-

posed acceptable limit for human consumption. From the litera-

ture survey, it was apparent that the fish samples of C. soborna,

was bottom living and therefore sediments could be the major

sources of Pb contamination in that fish as the mentioned fish

was almost always in contact with sediment. In addition, lead is

a ubiquitous pollutant which could finds its way into the Bangshi

River through discharge of industrial effluents from various indus-

tries such as printing, dyeing, oil refineries, and textile around

DEPZ and other sources.

3.1.2. Cadmium (Cd)

Cadmium is deemed as an element capable of producing

chronic toxicity even when it is present at concentration of 1

mg/kg (Friberg, Piscator, & Nordberg, 1971). Christensen and Olson

(1957) regard cadmium as being potentially more lethal than any

other metal. The Australian National Health and Medical Research

Council (ANHMRC) standard for Cd in seafood is 2.0 mg/kg,

whereas the Western Australian authorities proposed concentra-

tion of 5.5 mg/kg for Cd (Plaskett & Potter, 1979). Spanish legisla-

tion limits the levels for Cd at 1 mg/kg (Demirak et al., 2006). Cdconcentration in fish samples of Bangshi River ranged from 0.09

to 0.87 mg/kg and 0.16 to 0.68 mg/kg in pre-monsoon and post-

monsoon respectively. The highest amount of cadmium was found

in the fish sample of C. soborna (0.87 mg/kg) and the lowest

amount of Cd was found in the fish sample of N. notopterus

(0.09 mg/kg). From our experimental study it was vividly observed

that Cd in the selected fishes from Bangshi River were below the

above discussed standard values, but long period of accumulationof Cd in fish may pose health hazards.

3.1.3. Nickel (Ni)

Nickel normally occurs at very low levels in the environment

and it can cause variety of pulmonary adverse health effects, such

as lung inflammation, fibrosis, emphysema and tumours (Forti

et al., 2011). In the present investigation, the highest amount of

nickel was found in the fish sample of P. ticto (4.36 mg/kg) and

the lowest amount of nickel was found in the fish sample of C.

pseudeutropius (0.69 mg/kg). The result showed that there was a

considerable variation in the concentration of the element from

one sample to another. The range of nickel concentration in ten

species of fish was 0.69–4.13 mg/kg and 1.07–4.36 mg/kg in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon respectively. These values were simi-

lar to the reported value of Sharif, Alamgir, Mustafa, Hossain, and

Amin (1993a). Ni concentrations in Bangshi River water fishes

were below the established safe level of 5.5 mg/kg by Western

Australian Food and Drug Regulations (Plaskett & Potter, 1979).

Nickel and its salts are used in several industrial applications such

as in electroplating, storage batteries, auto-mobiles, aircraft parts,

spark, electrodes, cooking utensils, pigments, lacquer cosmetics,

water and printing fabrics. The industrial effluents of DEPZ were

the main sources of nickel contamination of the aquatic environ-

ment in Bangshi River. While the present study depicted that the

examined fish species were not contaminated by Ni, a long term

discharge of untreated industrial wastes could pollute the marine

organisms. Since, nickel is a cumulative body poison so its concen-tration should remain as low as possible.

Table 3

Heavy metals concentrations (mg/kg–dry wt.) and related statistical parameter for various fish samples.

Fishes species Season Metal concentration

Pb Cd Ni Cr Cu Zn Mn As

M. armatu Pre-M 3.07 0.27 2.19 0.79 27.14 267.31 24.27 2.48

Post-M 2.64 0.19 3.05 1.05 26.33 309.47 16.05 2.11

G. chapra Pre-M 2.93 0.13 1.71 0.58 12.57 53.18 19.14 2.42

Post-M 3.17 0.17 1.94 0.61 18.36 54.11 23.27 3.06

P. ticto Pre-M 7.22 0.46 4.13 2.07 38.11 174.61 34.91 5.11

Post-M 7.36 0.39 4.36 1.93 41.91 183.64 29.86 4.33

N. notopterus Pre-M 4.05 0.09 2.48 0.63 43.18 42.83 21.04 2.66

Post-M 3.82 0.17 3.02 0.47 38.64 44.35 13.18 1.97

C. soborna Pre-M 10.27 0.87 3.76 1.44 27.36 371.04 51.17 4.72

Post-M 9.56 0.68 3.38 0.97 23.97 418.05 44.36 3.86

S. phasa Pre-M 2.61 0.16 1.42 1.72 13.04 157.36 9.43 2.84

Post-M 3.07 0.23 1.94 1.43 15.63 149.71 14.11 3.05

A. mola Pre-M 3.52 0.11 0.96 1.48 28.19 97.14 14.55 3.17

Post-M 3.19 0.21 1.13 1.74 21.74 108.43 21.04 2.72

M. vittatus Pre-M 3.16 0.28 3.27 0.93 17.32 217.49 33.05 4.02

Post-M 2.42 0.16 2.82 0.82 13.68 233.75 28.25 5.11

H. fossilis Pre-M 7.71 0.31 4.11 0.71 14.17 203.19 26.11 6.24

Post-M 8.29 0.46 4.34 1.14 16.04 176.98 21.22 5.64C. pseudeutropius Pre-M 2.94 0.24 0.69 1.06 8.33 64.45 12.17 2.25

Post-M 1.76 0.32 1.07 0.87 10.36 52.31 18.13 3.28

Range 1.76–10.27 0.09–0.87 0.69–4.36 0.47–2.07 8.33–43.18 42.83–418 9.43–51.17 1.97–6.24

Mean 4.64 0.30 2.59 1.12 22.80 168.97 23.77 3.55

Pre-M: Pre-Monsoon, Post-M: Post -Monsoon.


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3.1.4. Chromium (Cr)

Chromium does not normally accumulate in fish and hence low

concentrations were reported even from the industrialized part of

the world. The rate of uptake was higher in young fish but the body

burden of Cr was declined with age due to rapid elimination (Dara,

1995). Our results also showed low concentrations range of 0.47–

2.07 mg/kg and it was several folds lower than that of fish muscle

collected from the red sea (Ahmad & Naim, 2008) and pearl river

(Xie et al., 2010) indicating a less contamination of fishes in this

area. In the present study (Table 3) the highest level of Cr was de-

tected in P .ticto (2.07 mg/kg as dry wt.) during pre-monsoon and

the lowest in N. notopterus (0.47 mg/kg as dry wt.) during post-

monsoon. The Western Australian Food and Drug regulations

stated concentration of 5.5 mg/kg for Cr which was higher than

our values (Plaskett & Potter, 1979). The observed concentrations

of Cr in the fish samples of Bangshi River might be due to the

wastewater coming from various industries such as dying and tan-

ning industries, photography, textile, manufacturing green varnish,

paints, and inks around DEPZ, and river run-off from upstream

agricultural fields.

3.1.5. Copper (Cu)Copper is an essential part of several enzymes and is necessary

for the synthesis of hemoglobin (Sivaperumal, Sankar, & Nair,

2007). However, high intake of Cu has been recognized to cause ad-

verse health problem (Gorell et al., 1997). Copper was detected in

all examined fish samples and its concentration ranged from 8.33

to 43.18 mg/kg, with the highest content found in N. notopterus

(43.18 mg/kg as dry wt.) during pre-monsoon and the lowest was

in C. pseudeutropius (8.33 mg/kg) during pre-monsoon. The permis-

sible limit of Cu proposed by ANHMRC and FAO, was 30 mg/kg

fresh weight (Bebbington et al., 1977; Dural, Goksu, & Ozak,

2007). According to UK Food Standards Committee Report, Cu con-

centration in food should not exceed the value of 20 mg/kg as wet

weight (Cronin et al., 1998). There is also legislation in other coun-

tries regulating the maximum concentration of meals. For exam-ple, Turkish legislation established the level of Cu at 5 mg/kg,

whereas Spanish legislation proposed the level at 20 mg/kg as

wet weight (Demirak et al., 2006). The Australian Food Standard

Code established the maximum concentration for Cu at 10 mg/kg

wet weight (Alamet al., 2002). Considering a 79% moisture content

in fish muscles, none of the examined fish species exceeded the

permissible limits prescribed by various agencies.

3.1.6. Zinc (Zn)

Zinc being a heavy metal, has a tendencyto get bio-accumulated

in the fatty tissues of aquatic organisms, including fish and isknown to affect reproductive physiology in fishes (Ghosh, Mukho-

pandhyay, & Bagchi, 1985). Some authors reported that chronic

exposure to Cu andZn is associated with Parkinson’s disease (Gorell

et al., 1997) and these elements might act alone or together over

time to induce the disease (Prasad, 1983). Fishes are known to have

a high threshold level of Zn. There was a great variation in Zn con-

centrations among the studied fish muscles. The concentration in

fish samples of Bangshi River ranged from 42.83 to 371.04 mg/kg

and 44.35 to 418.05 mg/kg as dry weight basis in pre-monsoon

and post-monsoon respectively. The highest amount of zinc was

found in the fish sample of C. soborna (418.05 mg/kg as dry wt.)

and the lowest was in N. notopterus (42.83 mg/kg) among the ten

species of fish in Bangshi River. The amount of Zn determined in

all the fish samples were far below the standard of 1000 mg/kgset by ANHMRC (Bebbington et al., 1977; Plaskett & Potter, 1979)

and WHO (Cliton, Ujagwung, & Michael, 2008).

3.1.7. Manganese (Mn)

Although manganese is an element of low toxicity, it has con-

siderable biological significance. No maximum is specified for

manganese in fish samples. The concentration of Mn in the ana-

lyzed samples ranged from 9.43 to 51.17 mg/kg and 13.18 to

44.36 mg/kg in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon respectively. C.

soborna exhibited the maximum Mn concentration of 51.17 mg/

kg and S. phasa showed the minimum of 9.43 mg/kg. Normally,

water contain low level (0.05 mg/kg) of Mn (Bowen, 1966), but

the studied fishes contained higher concentration of Mn might be

due to the tendency of various species of fish to concentrate certainelements in their tissue more than the surrounding medium. Man-

ganese is used in dry battery cells, iron alloys, glass ceramics, and

electric coils etc. that could be considered as the major sources of

Table 4

Comparison of heavy metal accumulation in fish muscle with the reported values in the literatures.

Sample area Pb Cd Ni Cr Cu Zn Mn As References

Bangshi Rivera (Present work) 1.76–

10.27

0.09–

0.87

0.69–

4.36

0.47–

2.07

8.33–

43.18

42.83–

418.05

9.43–

51.17

1.97–

6.24

This research

Gumti Rivera (Bangladesh) 0.5–4.05 NA 1.80–

8.40

NA 1.48–

21.30

3.14–

186.9

4.1–

51.67

NA Amin et al. (2011)

Riversa (Bangladesh) 0.29–

10.05

0.04–

0.13

1.20–

6.10

NA 1.48–

23.30

33.01–

286.45

4.76–

71.61

NA Sharif et al. (1993a)

Hooghly Rivera (India) 12.40–

19.96

0.62–

1.20

2.20–

3.69

ND-3.89 16.22–

47.97

12.13–

44.74

NA NA De, De, Das, Ray, and Ghosh (2010)

Parangipettaia (India) 0.062–

1.569

0.004–

0.114

NA 0.415–

1.562

NA 0.103–

0.807

NA NA Lakshmanan et al. (2009)

Pearl Rivera(China) 0.05–

1.94

ND-33.2 NA ND-5.36 1.17–

6.72

2.62–20.2 NA 0.17–

1.46

Xie et al. (2010)

Aegean and Mediterranean

Seab (Turkey)

0.21–

1.28

<0.01–

0.39

0.03–

1.72

0.07–

1.48

0.51–

7.05

3.51–53.5 0.18–

2.78

NA Turkmen et al. (2009)

Wadi Hanifaha(KSA) 0.039 0.008 NA 0.23 1.08 NA NA NA Abdel-Baki et al. (2011)

Red Seaa(Jordan) 1.5–8.3 0.5–2 1.0–5.0 1.0–10.3 0.5–2.0 1.9–35.0 1.0–3.3 NA Ahmad and Naim (2008)

Kichera Riverb (Russia) 0.07–

0.30

<0.01–

0.10

NA NA NA 2.88–5.85 0.11–

0.37

NA Pintaeva et al. (2011)

Gulf of Cambaya (India) 1.09 0.23 ND 0.77 2.37 38.24 NA NA Reddy et al. (2007)

Southern Californiab 1.6–13.3 0.6–1.0 NA ND 12.3–

20.8

27.8–54.8 NA 2.10–

10.08

Bruce, Rimmon, Richard, Robert, and

William (1975)

Okumeshi Rivera (Nigeria) <0.01 0.62 0.17 0.06 NA NA 1.97 NA Raphael et al. (2011)

ND not detectable; NA not analyzed.a

Values present the ranges or mean expressed as mg/kg dry wt.b Values present the ranges or mean expressed as mg/kg wet wt.


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Mn pollution. However, this result was in good agreement with the

value found in fish species from Gumti River, Bangladesh (Amin,

Begum, & Mondal, 2011).

3.1.8. Arsenic (As)

Arsenic is widespread in the environment due to both anthro-

pogenic and natural processes. It is a ubiquitous, but potentially

a toxic, trace element. The US Food and Drug Administration (USF-

DA, 1993), indicated that fish and other seafood account for 90% of

total As exposure. Arsenic concentration in ten species of fish

collected from Bangshi River were analyzed for the observation

of pollution status and the observed concentrations varied from

2.25 to 6.24 mg/kg (pre-monsoon) and 1.97 to 5.64 mg/kg (post-

monsoon). According to Australia New Zealand Food Standards

Code (ANZFA, 2011), the maximum permitted concentration for

As was 2.0 mg/kg wet weight. None of the fish samples exceeded

the ANZFA recommended value of 9.6 mg/kg dry weight (assuming

79% moisture content). The EPA has set arsenic tissue residues of

1.3 mg/kg fresh weight in freshwater fish as the criterion for hu-

man health protection (Burger & Gochfeld, 2005). Sharif, Alamgir,

Krishnamoorthy, and Mustafe (1993b) studied arsenic concentra-

tion in tropical marine fish of Bangladesh and the reported value

ranged from 2.84 to 3.92 mg/kg as dry weight basis.

4. Discussion

The concentrations of the heavy metals detected in fishes of this

study were compared with the other reported values (see Table 4)

as an effort to determine the degree of contamination in the study

area. Reported results in the literatures showed that metal con-

tents in the fish muscles varied widely depending on where and

which species were caught (Table 4). The metal content in various

fish species from Parangipettai (Lakshmanan, Kesavan, Vijayanand,

Rajaram, & Rajagopal, 2009), Aegean and Mediterranean Sea (Turk-

men, Turkmen, Tepe, Tore, & Ates, 2009), Wadi Hanifah (Abdel-Baki et al., 2011), Gulf of Cambay (Reddy et al., 2007) and Okume-

shi River (Raphael, Augustina, & Frank, 2011) were lower than this

result. Sharif et al. (1993a) measured concentrations of metals in

the freshwater fishes from different rivers in Bangladesh and the

reported values were agreed well to our values except Zn, Cu and

Cd.

However, the influence of the studied seasons and the different

fish species captured from the Bangshi River, Bangladesh was dem-

onstrated in Table 5. The metal concentration in the edible fish fil-

let of each fish species for two seasons was used for two-way

variance analysis ANOVA (Table 5). The data obtained from ANOVA

clearly demonstrated that there was significant variation (CI = 95%)

of the heavy metal concentrations in different fish species in the

Bangshi river. However, seasonal variation was not significant inten species of fish available in Bangshi River, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Table 6 depicted the correlations between each analyzed trace

metal, listing the Pearson product moment correlation coefficients.

The concentrations of the investigated metals in fishes were signif-

icantly correlated with each other during both seasons. Significant

correlations were found between Cd and Pb (r = 0.855), Ni and Pb

(r = 0.776), Zn and Cd (r = 0.820), Mn and Pb (r = 0.810), Mn and

Cd (r = 0.884), Mn and Ni (r = 0.812), Mn and Zn (r = 0.770), As

and Pb (r = 0.804), and As and Ni (r = 0.862) at p < 0.01 level during

pre-monsoon. During post-monsoon, Cd–Pb, Ni–Pb, Mn–Pb,

Mn–Cd, and Mn–Zn were significantly correlated (Table 6). These

correlations might indicate that the distributions of these pairs of

metals were regulated by common local inputs and similar disper-

sion processes in the study area, except for Cr and Cu in Pre-mon-soon and Cr, Cu, Zn, and As in post-monsoon. T

a b l e

5

T w o

w a y A N O V A f o r t h e e f f e c t o f i n t e r - s e a s o n a n d i n t

e r - fi s h s p e c i e s o n t h e v a r i a b i l i t y o f h e a v y m e t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n e d i b l e fi s h fi l l e t .

E f f e c t

P b

C d

N i

C r

C u

Z n

M n

A s

d f

F

p

( 2 - t a i l s )

d f

F

p

( 2 - t a i l s )

d f

F

p

( 2 - t a i l s )

d f

F

p

( 2 - t a i l s )

d f

F

p

( 2 - t a i l s )

d f

F

p

( 2 - t a i l s )

d f

F

p

( 2 - t a i l s )

d f

F

p

( 2 - t a i l s )

S e a s o n s a

1

1 . 4

9

0 . 3

8

1

0 . 0 3

0 . 9

8

1

3 . 4

0 . 1

8

1

0 . 1

8

0 . 8

9

1

0 . 0

5

0 . 9

7

1

1 . 3

0 . 4

2

1

0 . 7

1

0 . 6

1

1

0 . 1

1

0 . 9

3

F i s h S p e c i e s b

9

8 9 . 9

1 *

1 . 3

2

1 0 1 4

9

1 2 . 0 8

*

7 . 2

7

1 0 1 7

9

3 7 . 0

9 *

3 . 7

3

1 0 1 1

9

1 1 . 3

*

1 . 2

8

1 0 6

9

2 8 . 7

4 *

3 . 6

4

1 0 1 0

9

9 8 . 0

7 *

6 . 0

4

1 0 1 5

9

1 2 . 0

2 *

7 . 5

9

1 0 7

9

1 0 . 6

6 *

2 . 0

9

1 0 6

E r r o r

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

T o t a l

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

F c r i t i c

f o r F i s h e s = 3 . 1

8 ( a = 0 . 0

5 ) .

F c r i t i c

f o r S e a s o n s = 5 . 1

8 ( a = 0 . 0

5 ) .

a S e a s o n s : P r e - m o n s o o n a n d P o s t - m o n s o o n .

b F i s h S p e c i e s : B a i m ,

C h a p l i a ,

P u t i , F o l i , K a c h k i , F h a s s a ,

M o l a ,

T e n g r a ,

S i n g h ,

B a t a s h i .

*

S i g n i fi c a n t a t 9 5 % c o n fi d e n c e l e v e l .


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Heavy metals have the tendency to accumulate in various or-

gans of marine organisms, especially fish which in turn may enter

into the human metabolism through consumption causing serious

health hazards (Bravo et al., 2010). Thus, the daily intake of some

selected trace metals were estimated and compared with the rec-

ommended values to assess whether the metal levels found in fish

samples from Bangshi River were safe for human consumption

(Table 7). This study was conducted only for the fish muscle as this

tissue was the most important part consumed by human popula-

tion. Estimates of fish consumption in Bangladesh (Begum, Amin,

Kaneco, & Ohta, 2005; Rahman & Haque, 1991) indicated that the

adult population consumes 21 g wet wt./person/day of both fresh-

water and sea fish species. This was equivalent to 147 g wet wt./

person/week. The EDI (estimated daily intake) values presented

in Table 7 were estimated by assuming that a 60 kg person will

consume 21 g fish per day. A conversion factor of 4.8 was used to

transform wet weight to dry weight. The result shown in Table 7

revealed that the EDI values for the examined fish samples were

below the recommended values ( JECFA, 1982, 1989, 2000; NRC,

1989; WHO, 1996), indicating that health risk associated with

the intake studied heavy metals through the consumption of

examined fish samples was absent.

5. Conclusion

In general, the data in this paper suggests that the heavy metal

concentrations found in the fish muscles sampled from the Bangshi

River, with the exception of Pb content in C. Soborna, were within

the standard limits proposed by various agencies (ANHMRC, AN-

ZFA, Western Australian Food and Drug Regulations etc.). It should

be noted that the concentrations of Zn were found considerably

higher among the eight heavy metals in the examined fish species.

The differences in heavy metal concentrations among ten different

fish species were statistically significant. However, these results

can be used to provide baseline information for risk assessmentassociated with their consumption as the estimated daily intake

(EDI) for the examined fishes and metals were far below the daily

dietary allowance recommended by various authorities ( JECFA,

1982, 1989, 2000; NRC, 1989; WHO, 1996). Therefore, we can con-

clude that these metals should not pose any health threat to the

consumers resulting from the consumption of studied fish.

Furthermore, constant monitoring of the Bangshi River ecosystem

near the Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ) is recommended in

view of the increased anthropogenic impact on the aquatic ecosys-

tems of this region that disturb the natural cycle of chemical

elements.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the authority of Bangladesh Atomic Energy

Commission for providing laboratory facilities to analyze fish sam-

ples using conventional technique. The authors also delighted to

express their gratefulness and sincerest thanks to Professor Jasim

Uddin Ahmad (Ex Vice Chancellor, JU), Department of Chemistry,

Jahangirnagar University (JU), Savar, Dhaka for his valuable sugges-

tions and cooperation to carry out this research.

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