1 Progressive Era 1900-1916 Expose the ills of society brought on by the Industrial Revolution and...
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Progressive Era1900-1916
Expose the ills of society brought on by the Industrial Revolution and Big Government
–urbanization–social disorder (labor)–political corruption
• Write new laws to correct social problems• Ideas based on Populism and goals of labor
movement• Government can be an instrument of social
change
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Muckrakers**• Journalistic “Voice” of Progressives• Investigative journalists – • Expose corruption and other problems
that needed to be addressed (no solutions)
• Profitable for magazines:McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Collier’s
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Lincoln Stephen’s The Shame of the CitiesIda Tarbell’s History of the Standard Oil Co.** coined by T. Roosevelt
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Goals of Progressives1) End laissez-faire2) End abuses of monopolistic power with
antitrust legislation
• ex: Sherman Antitrust Act3) Make government more responsive
• Government the vehicle to improved society
4) Limit power of party bosses
• end government abuse of power
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Progressive Methods• Rely on Scientific Data • Value of Expert Opinion• Use Collective Action• Inform using Publications--
muckrakers• Pressure on legislatures to pass
laws
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Could You?• Explain the four goals of progressivism. • Summarize progressive efforts to clean up
government. • Identify progressive efforts to reform state
government, protect workers, and reform elections.
Origins of Progressivism
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Progressive Political Reforms
• Political parties corrupt and Undemocratic
– Power must be diminished– People must be given more power
»Australian (secret) ballot 1890»Direct primary (nominate
candidates)1902» Initiative (propose laws)»Referendum (vote yes or no on laws)»Recall (call for re-election)»Direct election of Senators (17th)»Women’s suffrage (19th)
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Progressive Social Reforms
• Temperance movement– WCTU – Anti-Saloon League
• 18th amendment (1919)– Volstead Act enforced prohibition
• Mann Act (1910) (White Slave Traffic) Illegal to bring women into U.S. or across state lines for immoral purposes– Many states passed laws against
prostitution
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Social Gospel Movement
Social responsibility for others’ well being
“my brother’s keeper”Church people doing humanitarian work -- YMCA
PADS program - food pantry
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Progressive Economic Reform
• Hepburn Act of 1906 : Regulate Rail Roads• Mann-Elkins Act of 1910:
– ICC - Communications• The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) 1906
– Prohibited mislabeling– Sanitary Codes
• Tariff Reform - Lowered Tariffs on foreign goods (permitted competition)
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Federal Reserve Act
• Weakness of existing system: No plan for times of financial crisis.
• Solution: Create 12 Federal Reserve Districts: “A” - “L”
• Purpose: Control the Nation’s Supply of Money
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Robert M. LaFollette
• US Rep and US Senator• Progressive Wisconsin governor• Wisconsin a model for progressive reform
“laboratory of progressivism”
“Wisconsin idea”
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Efforts to Clean Up City Government
• Toledo Reform - Samuel “Golden Rule” Jones
– Lower utility rates– Minimum wage & More Parks.
• Commission System
– Galveston, Tx– Take politics out of the process– Specialized professional ran
departments.
• The City Manager System
– Elected Boards of Commissioners– City manager elected by
commissioners
Reform!!!
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1904 Election Results
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National Political Reformers
Teddy Roosevelt
Howard Taft Woodrow WilsonProgressive Era Presidents 1901-
1921
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• McKinley Assassination• VP, Age 42, young, active, reform minded
president• 1902 anthracite coal miner strike
– Demands: 20%/8hr/union– Reality: 10%/9hr/no union
• Conservation– Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)
• Dams for irrigating 16 states– 150 million acres reserved for public– National Conservation Commission
• established under Gifford Pinchot• Northern Securities case (RR monopoly)
– “trustbuster” Teddy
Teddy Roosevelt“Square Deal”
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“Jack and the Giant Killer”
Trustbusting
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ConservationJohn Muir
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Teddy RooseveltConsumer Protection
• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)– forbade the
manufacture, sale and transportion of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs.
(No harmful chemicals and preservatives-labels required )
• Meat Inspection Act (1906)– Federal inspection and
regulation of minimum standards of sanitation.
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Upton Sinclair
• A socialist trying to raise an outcry over working conditions under capitalism
• He wanted people to demand socialism from their government (do away with capitalism)
• Belief workers should control both the government and the means of production
“I aimed at the public’s heart and by accident I hit them in
the stomach.”
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Excerpt from The Jungle
“There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would be dosed with borax and glycerine and dumped into the hoppers and made over again for home consumption . . . There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from the leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it . . . These rats were a nuisance, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together.”
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1908 Election Results
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Taft as the Big Guy
• Poor leader – not charismatic like TR• Lost progressive support over tariff
– Not low enough!!• Yet, more antitrust suits than TR• Yet, more conservation than TR• And…groundwork for 16th amendment
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Rise of the Socialist Party3rd Party--developed in
1901 dedicated to working class.
Platform: more radical reforms than Progressives
•public ownership or RR, utilities, oil, steel
18 socialists elected city mayors in 1911presidential candidate Eugene DebsPeak in 1912 --900,000 votes (6% of total) for
presidentMost Americans feared socialismAmerican workers satisfied with
pay and union progress
Rise of the Socialist Party
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1912 Election Results
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Election of 1904
Election of 1908
Election of 1912
TR-to-Wilson
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Woody as President“New Freedom”
Economic Reforms attack on the “the triple wall of privilege”
• Federal Reserve System (1913)– Regulate money supply
• Underwood Tariff (1913)– LOWERED TARIFFS ON 100+ ITEMS– GRADUATED INCOME TAX
• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)– Strengthened Sherman Antitrust
Act
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•Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)
“cease and desist” orders for unfair business practices
•Adamson Act (1916)
–8-hour work day for RR (new standard)
•Keating-Owens Act (1916)
–no interstate trade if co. employs <14 yr olds
•Re-elected in 1916
“He kept us out of war”
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Progressive amendments
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19
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Results of 1916 Election
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African-Americans
Ignored by main progressive movement
Booker T. WashingtonTake a lower status temporarilyVocational training (Tuskegee Institute)
W.E.B. DuBoisDid not agree with BTW (“leading the way
backward”)“Talented Tenth” AIM HIGHER!!!!
Founded NAACP (1905) - fought racism
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Women’s Efforts• Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote Women and
Economics (1898)– Child care centers; common dining area
• Margaret Sanger Planned Parenthood• Florence Kelley (social worker)
– 10-hour day for women• Carrie Chapman Catt
– National American Woman Suffrage Association
– Worked for passage of 19th amendment
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Woman Suffrage Before 1920
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Evaluating the Progressive Era
Successes
??Failures
??