1 Priority (Hazardous) Substances Emissions B.FRIBOURG-BLANC, IOW Technical expert on emissions to...

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Priority (Hazardous) Substances Emissions

B.FRIBOURG-BLANC, IOW

Technical expert on emissions to water ([email protected])

B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/20082

Introduction

b. Characteristic of diffuse sources is that there are numerous pathways and they are difficult to eliminate. There is no direct link between measures and effect. Reliable source apportionment is important (substance and location specific), because the sources leading to problems can be different for the different pollutants considered. Therefore a good inventory of sources is necessary.

(official conclusion Workshop on Diffuse sources May 2008, endorsed by Water Directors)


Present situation

1. Most countries consider point sources are already correctly addressed and focus is needed on diffuse sources

2. But: Past assessment (WFD Art5 reports) showed limited useful data and information (point/diffuse) for European assessment:

B: organic + Nut,

M: Metals,

O: all other

sources +no determinand

no sources+ no determinand

(ETC/Water 2005)

Households Industry Agriculture Others

1

2

3

4

5 O B, O B, O

6 O B, O B, O

7 O B, O B, O

8 O B, O B, O

9

10 B B

11 B, M, O B, M, O B, O B, M, O

12

Summary table: Surface water diffuse source pollution

Report n°Sources


A long lasting EU legislative framework

1976: Dangerous Substances Directive (76/464/EEC) “on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community » with List I (eliminate) and List II (reduce) substances

5 Daughter Directives

2000: - EPER (2000/479), register of big point sources (26 substances)- Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), progressive reduction of discharges, emissions and losses of priority substances and the cessation or phasing-out of discharges, emissions and losses of the priority hazardous substances (33 substances and groups)

2006: Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH: 1907/2006) and ECHA

2008: Proposal for a Directive on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy (version of 23/6/2008, adoption planned for December 2008) (33+13 substances)

Other international initiatives:OSPAR and HELCOM ConventionsRiver Conventions


Main regulating approaches

Control measures (risk management):- At source, through control of releases: Emission Limit Value (ELV) often expressed as concentration per units of volume and time

- At receiving media level, through maximum concentration: Environmental Quality Standard (EQS)

Both mainly focussed on concentration, a need to monitor!

Other measures: Pollution reduction programmes (DSD), programmes of measures (WFD), inventory (EPER, new EQS Directive)

ELV

EQS

Source : adapted from mixing zone background document, V. Bonnomet, INERIS for DGENV 2007


From the universe of chemicals…

A chemical substance: any material with a definite chemical structure

7 million commercially

available

230 000 inventoried or

regulated

23 millionorganic and inorganic substances


To Priority (hazardous) Substance…

The WFD:"Hazardous substances" means substances or groups of substances that are toxic, persistent and liable to bio-accumulate; and other substances or groups of substances which give rise to an equivalent level of concern.

"Priority substances" means substances […] listed in Annex X. Among these substances there are «priority hazardous substances»[…]

Annex VIII: Indicative list of the main pollutants (groups of pollutants)

Annex X: List of priority substances in the field of water policy (COMMPS+ and update of list)

Existing lists:-Dangerous Substances Directive (76/464/EEC), repealed by WFD in 2013-Plant Protection Products Directive (91/414/EEC)-evaluation and control of the risks of existing substances Regulation (793/93/EEC), repealed -Biocidal products Directive (98/8/EC)-E_PRTR (166/2006)-OECD Representative List of High Production Volume Chemical-OSPAR List of Chemicals for Priority Action- …

Some substances addressed in more than one list (Cd in 8 lists)

Some others only in one list (PAH, PCB…)


Main groups of PS/PHS (WFD)

1. Organohalogen compounds

2. Organophosphorus compounds

3. Organotin compounds

4. CMR Substances and preparations

5. Persistent hydrocarbons and persistent and bioaccumulable organic toxic substances

6. Cyanides

7. Metals and their compounds

8. Arsenic and its compounds

9. Biocides and plant protection products

(All aggregation/disaggregation possible)

Metals and metalloids

pesticides

Organic substances (micropollutants)


Some group-specific technical questions

Heavy metals:

Background natural concentration

Some debates around bio availability

Pesticides:

Often targeted to agriculture as the main user

Complexity of pathways and bio degradation processes

Do not neglect linear infrastructures (railways, motorways and roads)

Organic micropollutants:

Can be a group of substances (PCB, PAH, DIOXINs…)


Some key elements to consider

1. Overall behaviour most often substance specific (persistency, bioaccumulation…), media specific (water, air…) and biota specific (biota, fish…)

2. Assessment of relevance through complex approach:

Exposure + Effect = Risk (acute, chronic) priority

3. Sales figures confidential or not enough substance specific, many substances intermediate in production (REACH?)

4. Relevance for EEA?

subsidiarity with priority at RBD, nation and EU level

link between source, their emission and resulting “in stream” load complex to establish

869

434

318

225162

116 87 70 58 49 44 34 28 19 6 30

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Number of countries

Nu

mb

er o

f su

bst

ance

s


Emission and source: clear concepts?

‘emission’ : the direct or indirect release of substances, […]from individual or diffuse sources into the air, water or land (IPPC Directive, 96/61/EC)

a substance, a quantity, a source, the receiving media

Diffuse source: a source of one or more pollutant(s) that cannot begeographically located on a map as a point but originating from a certain area.

Point source: a source of one or more pollutant(s) that can be geographically located and represented as a point on a map.

Where is the border? (cost and collection effort?)Special case of small point sources and linear sources (roads)


The main (groups of) sources

Source : Data Collection Manual for the OECD/Eurostat Joint Questionnaire on Inland Waters, Tables 1 – 7, June 2004

Diffuse sourcesS1 Atmospheric deposition

S2 Indirect drainage of deep groundwater reservoirs

S3 Agriculture

S4 Traffic and non urban infrastructure

S5 Accidental spills.

S6 Release from materials.

Point sourcesS7 Roofs and paved areas

S8 Households

S9 Industry

S9.1 SME

S9.2 E-PRTR industry

S10 Waste deposit/landfill

S11 Historically contaminated land

S12 Natural sourcesSource : Source identification and emission controls, DGENV 2005


Who emits what? EPER examples

Number of facilities by country emitting metals and compounds, reported in EPER (2001)METALS AND COMPOUNDS

67

424

31572

579

17

4141

59131

216602

22

4

228

ATBEDEDKESFIFRGRIEITLUNLNOPTSEUK

Country Energy Metals Mineral Chemistry Waste Textiles Animal Breeding CarbonTotal Volume

(kg/year)Indice

AT 78% 12% 10% 3 199 0BE 58% 24% 16% 2% 3 068 0DE 7% 5% 76% 12% 32 217 0DK 0 0ES 20% 53% 1% 19% 7% 5 699 0FI 92% 1% 7% 8 860 0FR 12% 28% 5% 47% 3% 1% 4% 56 128 0GR 19% 8% 73% 1 698 0IE 61% 39% 163 0IT 33% 49% 3% 12% 3% 1% 24 804 0LU 100% 79 0NL 26% 67% 6% 2 070 0NO 17% 1% 17% 65% 6 983 0PT 3% 22% 2% 73% 21 251 0SE 14% 2% 84% 7 497 0UK 76% 3% 16% 2% 3% 32 736 0

Apportionment of Copper emission (direct to water) by country, reported in EPER (2001)

No unique industrial structure, no unique apportionment of emission


Existing data sources

DSD EPER E-PRTR UWWTD Eurostat/OECD OSPAR HELCOM

So

urc

es

Aggregated industries + 5 biggest

56 industries + poultry and pigs

65 industries + poultry and pigs + diffuse

Urban (domestic, connected industries and services) and food industry

all all All, individually big UWWTP and industries

Pa

thw

ays Direct and

indirect Direct and indirect

Direct and indirect + RBD

Collection and treatment

all Direct and indirect + RBD

Direct and indirect + RBD

Su

bst

an

ce

s

Loads of 17 list I Loads of 26 substances

Loads of 71 substances

Capacity for 3 pollutants + N,P in sensitive areas

Loads of 13 pollutants



Ge

ogr

aph

ic

Exact for 5 biggest

Exact for each

Exact for each point source +RBD

Exact if >2000 PE for UWWTP and >4000 indus

Aggregated for country

River outlet and direct discharge

River outlet and direct discharge

tem

po

ral Year every 3

year Year every 3 year

year Year every 2 years

Year Year at irregular intervals

Year every 5 years


Minimum requirements for emission of PS/PHS

1. A clearly identified substance or group of substances

CAS code or similar + PS/PHS lists

2. A source or a group of sources

WFD proposed list of sources

3. Temporal scale (quantity emitted per year)

Annual load

4. Geographical scale (RBD, RB, sub-unit, WB)

Exact location for big point sources, RB for all the other


Let us keep it simple…

From point to diffuse (E-PRTR goal of 90% coverage)

International reference lists as far as possible: NACE, WFD list of sources, CAS

Straightforward assumptions as far as possible: example EPER 2001 facilities in buffer 0-10km from the coastline (discharge in marine water)


Conclusion and way forward

•It is a challenging subject, many questions still to be solved

•A need to address it at EU level, especially for common metrics and research problems

•Many guidances, manuals, emission factors are available(Inventory guidance of WG E, ETC/WTR EFDB)

•It is possible to start with the existing data sources

•Many tools exist and should be combined to avoid gaps : prefer rough estimate than ignoring

• A need for reference lists and common language

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Thanks for your attention…

B.FRIBOURG-BLANC, IOW

Technical expert on emissions to water

([email protected])

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