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Transcript of 1 pre colombian era and colonization
Mrs. Barnes
AP and Dual Credit US History
Pre-Colombian Era and Colonization
• Pre-Columbian
time period.• First
Americans came from
Asia• Crossed the Bering
Strait during the
Ice Age• Following
a food source
• Gradual migration
Inhabitants crossed over by way of the Bering Land Bridge
The Ice Melted… human beings started to pass over the land bridge.
They took their time! The travelers averaged about 1 mile of migration EVERY 2 YEARS!!!
Did you know that before Columbus “discovered” the New World that 100 MILLION natives actually lived there???
Also, when Columbus landed… the Aztec Capital was larger than ANY European city?? WOW!
35,000 years before he sailed the Ocean Blue…. Who is ________?
2,000 languages were spoke in the New WorldAgriculture was the reason these different
civilizations could survive.Unlike the dirty European cities of that time…
most of the large cities in the New World (Meso-America in particular) had Running water, clean streets and even botanical gardens
MesoAmerica more advanced than the simple Hunting/Gathering societies in Northern America
Explorers dominated native inhabitants due to WEAPONS +DISEASES +USE of Tribe RIVALRIES
2,000 Cultures and counting…
Want of WEALTH… Tales of GOLD! Renaissance ideals (humanism/optimism)
… “We can do ANYTHING”Trades Routes -looking for a waterway to
AsiaThey had the ability… SHIPS and
ACCESS! Mariner’s Compass was developed…
exploration was POSSIBLE!
REASONS for Exploration….
Europe was introduced to…. Corn Tobacco Tomatoes Avocado Rice Indigo (later)
DISEASE… Explorers were basically Biological WEAPONS!
HorsesCattle
EXCHANGE OF GOODS between Europe and New World
“Colombian Exchange”
Americas were introduced to…
IN REALITY….. The American Indians were on the loosing end of a
“White Elephant Gift Exchange”The OLD WORLD (Europe) brought death and
domination to the Natives.And… the NEW WORLD (Americas) gave Europe a
new life.
FRENCH explored and gave claim to Canada. built a fur-trading post in Quebec, Canada 1608-(this settlement
continued to the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River) Desired to covert natives
SPANISH Defeat Aztecs and Incas In the 16th Century (1500s) they explore Mexico, Florida and much
of the Southwest built a mission in Santa Fe, New Mexico (1610) Desired to covert natives
English first permanent colony -Sir Walter Raleigh was the 1st to found a
English colony—Roanoke (1585 to 1587), but when relief vessels arrived in 1590 the colonists were gone and never found.
So we study ….JAMESTOWN, VIRGINIA …. 1607
Europeans “settling” in…
AMERICAN COLONIES
Economic Motives Surplus capital and profit motive. Mercantilism stressed the need for precious metals. Sought Gold and
other metals. England wished to secure vital raw materials. Need for surplus of manufactures.
Religious Motives Protestant Reformation gave rise to dissenting sects (fought against the
Anglican Church). Catholics, Puritans, and Quakers wanted to flee the Kings pressure to
conform. Didn’t want to convert the natives to Christianity, unlike French and
Spanish.
Social and Political Motives Desire for adventure and new experiences. Wish for a greater degree of political freedom.
Mercantilism was the economic philosophy of Great Britain when establishing the Colonies
Colonies produced sugar, lumber, naval stores and fish (raw resources) for the Empire.…generally favors “protectionism” and colonial
acquisition as means to increase exports
Colonist developed great skill in evading British laws they found harmful and often showed an independent spirit toward English domination. (SMUGGLING)
**Mercantilism**
Smokin’ Virginia- Jamestown- settled by Virginia Company (Joint stock Co. that’s motive was $$$$$). “He who shall not work shall not eat”- John Smith Disease and starvation almost wiped out colony
“The Starving Time” Pocahontas Tobacco!!! (John Rolfe)
Merry Maryland- CATHOLIC HAVEN! Maryland Act of Toleration- 1649
Protestants outnumber Catholics. The people must accept the Trinity. The Act was meant to protect Catholic freedom.
Individualistic Carolinas- more relaxed… some outcasts Carolina cultivated rice and brought African slaves to develop a plantation
type economy.
Get Em’ Georgia- Created as a buffer between Spanish Florida and South Carolina New Start for Criminals and debtors
Southern Colonies…Virginia, Maryland, Carolinas and Georgia
****Rivers, Plantations, seasons suitable for farming= AGRICULTURE
Jamestown SettlementJamestown Settlement
Indentured ServantsIndentured servants
became the first means to meet this need for labor. In return for free passage
to Virginia, a laborer worked for four to five
years in the fields before being granted freedom. The Crown rewarded planters with 50 acres of land for every inhabitant they brought to the
New World. Naturally, the colony began to expand. That
expansion was soon challenged by the Native American
confederacy formed and named after Powhatan
**eventually led to SLAVERY**
• “Headright System”-
whomever paid passage for
“laborer” received the right to 50
acres.• Indentured
servants were Disenfranchised
and unable to receive their land
•Gov. Berkeley (Royal Governer) would not defend settlements from
Indian attacks
•Nathaniel Bacon acts as the
representative for rebels
•Gov. Berkeley refused to meet their conditions and erupts into a
civil war.•Bacon dies, Gov.
Berkeley puts down rebellion and
several rebels are hung
Consequence of Bacon’s Rebellion
Plantation owners gradually replaced indentured servants with African slaves because it was seen as
a better investment in the long term than indentured servitude.
*Decline of Headright System
Plymouth Pilgrims 1620- Just North of Virginia… Mayflower landed Mayflower Compact “Government by Majority”- “SELF GOVERNMENT” Puritans Eventually absorbed by Massachusetts Bay Colony
Massachusetts Bay Colony- COD AND GOD! Theocracy … Church and State connected John Winthrop – “We must be a city upon a hill” Witch trials 1692 – 6 girls accusing people and the show trials. (Massachusetts
created (1692) Anne Hutchinson
Best known for her struggle with Massachusetts over religious doctrine and gender roles
Hutchinson was banished to Rhode Island
“Freethinking” Rhode Island- Roger Williams Paid Indians for land Separated Church and State
Connecticut comes to Order- Thomas Hooker Drafted “Fundamental Orders”… the beginning of a Constitution Women’s Rights
New Hampshire Fishing
Northern Colonies…Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New
Hampshire***Protestants, Shipping, fishing, small farms, harsh winters and
harbors
• 41 Male passengers on the Mayflower formed into a “civil
body politic”, signed a compact promising to write and obey "just and equal laws ... for the general
good of the colony." • The compact brought an
element of democracy to America and was an example of the
practice of self-government in the colonies.
• All the colonies practiced some form of self-government……and
would integrate a form of SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY into their
community……
John Winthrop 1st governor of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony
the chief figure among the Puritan founders of New England
THEOCRACY= Church+State
Called on the Puritans to build a model society… which he referred to as “ a city upon a hill’
Indian Tensions Pequot War 1637: Fought
because tensions grew between Puritans and the Indians. Puritans ally themselves with Pequot tribal enemies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes). Pequot's are defeated and sign the treaty of Hartford which declared the Pequot Nation dissolved.
King Philips War – 1675: Fought because of Puritans moving onto more Indian land. Metacomet is defeated.
Purpose
Unite against a common
enemy.Involved
Massachusetts Connecticut
but not Rhode IslandDemocratic
growthIndian Wars
Pequot War, 1644
King Philip’s War, 1675
Confederation dissolves once wars
end.
Purpose
Unite against a common
enemy.Involved
Massachusetts Connecticut
but not Rhode IslandDemocratic
growthIndian Wars
Pequot War, 1644
King Philip’s War, 1675
Confederation dissolves once wars
end.
Not Rhode Island
NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION -1643The Puritan Colonies united to stand against Indians. The New England Confederation was highly successful in terms of bonding the colonies together, and provided a basis for the further collaboration of Colonies
Indians Vs. Colonists
The Iroquois Confederacy•Unification of many several different tribes in response to the threat posed by the European Colonists.•The Iroquois Confederacy was the MOST IMPORATANT and powerful Native American political alliance in history. It successfully ended generations of tribal warfare.
New York (Old Netherlands/New Amsterdam)Dutch CompanyAristocraticDutch Explorer Henry Hudson… Hudson river and
Bay??? Delaware
New SwedenPacifist Pennsylvania- William Penn
Quakers = Pacifist paid Indians for landThe “Holy Experiment” granted complete freedom
of worship and established democratic gov’t.
Middle Colonies…New York, Delaware and Pennsylvania
***fertile soil, industry, shipbuilding, plantations/small farms
Life in the Colonies
SOUTH WIDE GAP between rich and
poor hierarchy of wealth and
status
1. Planter aristocracy w/ slaves mimicking feudalism of Europe
2. However, these planters were hardworking, involved in day-to-day affairs
3. Few cities – poor transportation
4. Women more powerful – men die leaving property to widows
b. Divorce rare – courts could order you to reunite
Was a gap between Rich/Poor… but not as wide as South
Because of harsh weather… industrialization begins
Growing Population– fertile people/not soil
1. Early marriage = high birth rates, women would often die during childbirtha. Obedient family ties, strong links to grandparentsb. Women’s role not as powerful – no property or legal rights
Social Structure and Family Life
NORTH
**Women lost legal and social identity when she married.
Religion leads Northern lifestyleTowns in New England unite
Geography & Fear of Indians force close relations
Religion makes unity important50+ families in town requires a schoolPuritans ran churches
DEMOCRATICALLY…… led to democratic government
Farm and Town Life…
Germans – left because of war, religion and a bad economy settled in Pennsylvania
Scotts-Irish – Scottish kicked out of Ireland because not Catholic – settled in mountainsLawless, individualistic – lived in Appalachian hills –
whiskey making fools! Not wanted by Germans or New Englanders –
forced to hillsOther groups were embraced by Colonial Settlers
French, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, SwissLargest immigrant group ----SLAVES
Melting Pot from the start…Immigration
Natural Resources to England
Economy:Triangular Trade
Weapons and Textiles to Africa
Slaves to Indies and Southern
Colonies
Sugar to Americas
This is called the Middle
Passage
Mercantilism leads to Salutary NeglectThe Navigation Acts (1660-1680s)1. Navigation Acts passed
to control colonial overseas commerce and shipping in the interests of the whole empire.
2. During the 17th and early 18th Centuries MANY colonists ignored Navigation Acts and smuggled without punishment
3. Becomes known as the era of “SALUTARY NEGLECT”
A wave of religious revivals that spread across the American Colonies during 1730s and 1740s
After the Colonial Regions started to become
settled… along came….
The Great Awakening
The Great Awakening 1730-1740 gave colonists a shared national religious experience
Reasons for The Great AwakeningPeople felt that OLD religion
was dry, dull and distant Half-Way Covenant- The Puritans
established to ease requirements for Church Membership (allowed the baptism of children of baptized but unconverted Puritans (Massachusetts Bay)
Increases # of religious people but diversifies the SECTS of religion
Preachers felt that people needed to be concerned with inner emotions as opposed to outward religious behavior
People in New England can read and interrupt the Bible on their own
George WhitefieldFamous Puritan
minster who used raw emotional sermons to reach all classes of colonists
Preached that “good works” and “godly lives” would bring you salvation
Puritan Minster terrified listeners with his sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
Famous ministers of the Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards
Outcomes of the Great Awakening
Birth of deep religious convictions in the colonies
New churches built to accommodate new members
Colleges founded found to train new ministers
RELIGIOUS UNITY
The Great Awakening leads to….the EnlightenmentGreat surge of literacy in
the coloniesNewspapers and book
publications increase Schools are synonymous
with new towns and villages
Deism- belief that God created universe that is governed by NATURAL LAW and human reasonPhilosophers used the
doctrine of “natural rights” to justify revolution against political tyranny.
John LockeJean
Jacques Rousseau
New colleges founded after the
Great Awakenin
g
• “NEW LIGHT
COLLEGES”
New colleges founded after the
Great Awakenin
g
• “NEW LIGHT
COLLEGES”
France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.
1763 Treaty of Paris
(Outcome of FRENCH/INDIAN WAR)
1763 Treaty of Paris
(Outcome of FRENCH/INDIAN WAR)
North America in 1763
North America in 1763
1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.
2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.
3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her
American Empire was necessary!
Effects of the War on Britain?
Effects of the War on Britain?
1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time.
2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated.
3. It created bitter feelings
towards the British that would only intensify.
Effects of the War on the American
Colonials
Effects of the War on the American
Colonials
1. Sugar Act - 1764
2. Currency Act - 1764
4. Stamp Act - 1765
3. Quartering Act - 1765
George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765George Grenville’s
Program, 1763-1765
Settling of the Colonies+
Unification through Fear of Indians and Religion (The Great Awakening)
+Economy of the TRIANGULAR TRADE
+Enlightenment Ideals
+increased taxes/bullying by British
=A growing Independence in the
Colonieswhich leads to…….
The Stage for the American Revolution