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Portfolio Screening for Mainstreaming Portfolio Screening for Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate ChangeAdaptation to Climate Change

Richard J.T. KleinRichard J.T. Klein1,21,2, Siri E.H. Eriksen, Siri E.H. Eriksen33, Lars Otto Næss, Lars Otto Næss4,54,5, , Anne HammillAnne Hammill66, Carmenza Robledo, Carmenza Robledo7,87,8, Karen L. O’Brien, Karen L. O’Brien11

1 Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany; 2 SEI–Oxford, Oxford, UK; 1 Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany; 2 SEI–Oxford, Oxford, UK; 3 University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 4 CICERO, Oslo, Norway; 5 University of East Anglia, 3 University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 4 CICERO, Oslo, Norway; 5 University of East Anglia,

Norwich, UK; 4; 6 IISD, Geneva, Switzerland; 7 Intercooperation, Berne, SwitzerlandNorwich, UK; 4; 6 IISD, Geneva, Switzerland; 7 Intercooperation, Berne, Switzerland8 Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland8 Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland

Paper presented at conference “Development Day” Paper presented at conference “Development Day” Montreal, 3 December 2005Montreal, 3 December 2005

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Adaptation and development Adaptation and development co-operationco-operation

Climate change may undermine development activities Climate change may undermine development activities (e.g. infrastructure, water, health, agriculture)(e.g. infrastructure, water, health, agriculture)

Communities and ecosystems that are intended to benefite Communities and ecosystems that are intended to benefite from ODA may be vulnerable to climate changefrom ODA may be vulnerable to climate change

Development activities can affect vulnerability and Development activities can affect vulnerability and adaptive capacityadaptive capacity

……Emerging interest and follow-up from donor agenciesEmerging interest and follow-up from donor agencies

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‘‘Mainstreaming’Mainstreaming’ Involves the integration of policies and Involves the integration of policies and

measures that address climate change into measures that address climate change into development planning and ongoing sectoral development planning and ongoing sectoral decision-makingdecision-making

Ensures the long-term sustainability of Ensures the long-term sustainability of investments and reduces the sensitivity of investments and reduces the sensitivity of development activities to both today’s and development activities to both today’s and tomorrow’s climate tomorrow’s climate

Efficiency and effectiveness gainsEfficiency and effectiveness gains

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Mainstreaming adaptationMainstreaming adaptation

Not only top-down integration of ‘traditional’ Not only top-down integration of ‘traditional’ technology-based adaptation measures based technology-based adaptation measures based on future climate scenarios (e.g. sea walls, on future climate scenarios (e.g. sea walls, promotion of drought resistant crops) promotion of drought resistant crops)

Also involves integration of measures that Also involves integration of measures that address the underlying factors of vulnerability address the underlying factors of vulnerability and don’t unwittingly increase vulnerability to and don’t unwittingly increase vulnerability to climate variability and change (i.e. climate variability and change (i.e. maladaptation)maladaptation)

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Portfolio screeningPortfolio screening

Systematic examination of an agency’s set of Systematic examination of an agency’s set of policies, programmes or projects, with the policies, programmes or projects, with the aim of identifying the links between climate aim of identifying the links between climate change and an agency’s development change and an agency’s development priorities, such as poverty reduction, priorities, such as poverty reduction, institutional development and capacity institutional development and capacity building.building.

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Why portfolio screening?Why portfolio screening?

Identify linkages between climate change and an Identify linkages between climate change and an agency’s development priorities/activitiesagency’s development priorities/activities

Where there are experiences in dealing with climate Where there are experiences in dealing with climate variability and change, identify options for building variability and change, identify options for building on this (identify needs for capacity building)on this (identify needs for capacity building)

Where the linkages appear weak, identify entry points Where the linkages appear weak, identify entry points through which climate adaptation can be supportedthrough which climate adaptation can be supported

Help operationalise linkages in the agency’s Help operationalise linkages in the agency’s development strategies and planning tools at different development strategies and planning tools at different levelslevels

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Agency screenings to dateAgency screenings to date

Several agencies have conducted reviews or Several agencies have conducted reviews or screenings of their policies, strategies, screenings of their policies, strategies, programmes or projects with respect to climate programmes or projects with respect to climate changechange

World Bank, GTZ, NORAD, OECD, SDCWorld Bank, GTZ, NORAD, OECD, SDC Summarise experiences and draw lessons for a Summarise experiences and draw lessons for a

formalised portfolio screening tool to expand formalised portfolio screening tool to expand focus on climate-development linkagesfocus on climate-development linkages

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Agency screenings: Agency screenings: Lessons from review of current Lessons from review of current

policies, programmes and projectspolicies, programmes and projects Many linkages – climate change relevant to a Many linkages – climate change relevant to a

large share of agencies’ activitieslarge share of agencies’ activities Little or no consideration of climate change Little or no consideration of climate change

vulnerability and adaptation, even in areas with vulnerability and adaptation, even in areas with high current climate sensitivityhigh current climate sensitivity

Climate change mainly seen as a mitigation Climate change mainly seen as a mitigation concernconcern

Agency staff unclear on whether and how climate Agency staff unclear on whether and how climate links to their day-to-day worklinks to their day-to-day work

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Agency screenings: Lessons from Agency screenings: Lessons from screening processesscreening processes

Review policies and strategies (NORAD): Review policies and strategies (NORAD): • + good basis for strategic discussions of links between ODA and climate + good basis for strategic discussions of links between ODA and climate

changechange

• - lack of links to practical development- lack of links to practical development

Review programmes and projects (GTZ, SDC, WB):Review programmes and projects (GTZ, SDC, WB):• + clearest on how to incorporate adaptation into practical ODA activities+ clearest on how to incorporate adaptation into practical ODA activities• - less clear on strategic choices - less clear on strategic choices

Country case studies (OECD):Country case studies (OECD):• Clearest descriptions of country-specific climate change issues and links to Clearest descriptions of country-specific climate change issues and links to

development agendadevelopment agenda• Country-specific screening less likely to be relevant in other areas and Country-specific screening less likely to be relevant in other areas and

countriescountries

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Agency screenings: Agency screenings: RecommendationsRecommendations

Need for practical tools for “climate proofing” Need for practical tools for “climate proofing” of development co-operationof development co-operation

Use current climate risks as a starting point Use current climate risks as a starting point Focus on increased future flexibilityFocus on increased future flexibility Integrate evaluation of climate change in Integrate evaluation of climate change in

existing planning routinesexisting planning routines Need for awareness raising within agenciesNeed for awareness raising within agencies Use pilot activities to help implementation of Use pilot activities to help implementation of

adaptation measuresadaptation measures

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ChallengesChallenges Reframing climate change from a predominantly Reframing climate change from a predominantly

environmental issue to also a concern for poverty environmental issue to also a concern for poverty reductionreduction

Identifying linkages and balance between climate Identifying linkages and balance between climate change and other external stressors (economic change and other external stressors (economic globalisation, demographic changes, health globalisation, demographic changes, health challenges, other natural hazards) challenges, other natural hazards)

Relate climate change to stakeholders’ concerns Relate climate change to stakeholders’ concerns Make use of past experiences with climatic variationsMake use of past experiences with climatic variations Develop tools that are cost-effective and adapted to Develop tools that are cost-effective and adapted to

current modes of operationcurrent modes of operation

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Outline of a portfolio screening…frameworkOutline of a portfolio screening…framework

Work in progressWork in progress

Complement other screening tools (World Bank, Complement other screening tools (World Bank, Danish Development Cooperation)Danish Development Cooperation)

Four general components:Four general components:• Identify links between climate and development activities – Identify links between climate and development activities –

types of assessmenttypes of assessment

• Compare against past and current activitiesCompare against past and current activities

• Raise awarenessRaise awareness

• Establish (other) conditions for success Establish (other) conditions for success

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Identify Links…Identify Links…

Defining parameters – scale, type of development Defining parameters – scale, type of development activity to be screenedactivity to be screened

Different ways of understanding links (esp at project Different ways of understanding links (esp at project level)level)• Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment: Quantifying the extent to which CC : Quantifying the extent to which CC

impacts pose risk to cost-effectiveness and other aspects of impacts pose risk to cost-effectiveness and other aspects of the viability of a projectthe viability of a project

• Vulnerability AssessmentVulnerability Assessment: Evaluating the vulnerability of : Evaluating the vulnerability of community/ecosystem at which project is targetedcommunity/ecosystem at which project is targeted

• Environmental and Social Impact AssessmentEnvironmental and Social Impact Assessment: : Analysing the extent to which a project would affect (pos Analysing the extent to which a project would affect (pos or neg) a system’s vulnerability to climate changeor neg) a system’s vulnerability to climate change

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Compare against past and current Compare against past and current activitiesactivities

Build on existing experiences in dealing with Build on existing experiences in dealing with climate risksclimate risks• Information, partnerships, coping and adaptation Information, partnerships, coping and adaptation

strategiesstrategies• Assess capacity building needsAssess capacity building needs

Identify entry pointsIdentify entry points• StrategicallyStrategically• Agency operationsAgency operations

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Raise awarenessRaise awareness

Climate stressClimate stress

Climate changeClimate change

Responses – mitigation and adaptationResponses – mitigation and adaptation

Make the direct link to development activitiesMake the direct link to development activities

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Establish conditions for successEstablish conditions for success

Within the agencyWithin the agency• Embedding screening within the agenciesEmbedding screening within the agencies

• Cross-departmental cooperationCross-departmental cooperation

• Devising a strategy for implementing results across the Devising a strategy for implementing results across the agencyagency

Outside the agencyOutside the agency• Sharing experiences and results with other development Sharing experiences and results with other development

agencies agencies

• Co-ordinating the portfolio screening with other policy Co-ordinating the portfolio screening with other policy processesprocesses

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Conclusions and the way forwardConclusions and the way forward Clear rationale for more attention to adaptation in Clear rationale for more attention to adaptation in

development agencies’ workdevelopment agencies’ work Large scope for mainstreaming by using past Large scope for mainstreaming by using past

experiences as well as current institutional set-up and experiences as well as current institutional set-up and proceduresprocedures

Mainstreaming is not about applying climate change Mainstreaming is not about applying climate change scenario(s) to current development interventions scenario(s) to current development interventions

Screening tool Screening tool per se per se no panacea - process rather than no panacea - process rather than a finished producta finished product

Ultimately, screenings must address not only the way Ultimately, screenings must address not only the way interventions are undertaken, but also which interventions are undertaken, but also which development pathways are chosendevelopment pathways are chosen