1 Plants – Targeted Review. 2 Order Part 1 watch?v=ahXIMUkSXX0 Part 1 watch?v=ahXIMUkSXX0
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Transcript of 1 Plants – Targeted Review. 2 Order Part 1 watch?v=ahXIMUkSXX0 Part 1 watch?v=ahXIMUkSXX0
OrderOrder Part 1 Part 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahXIMUkSXX0
Part 2 Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOIP_Z_-0Hs
Part 3Part 3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14-NdQwKz9w
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Inner Life of The CellInner Life of The Cell
http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/innerlifeseries.html
Largely beyond the scope of this Largely beyond the scope of this classclass
Big Picture Stuff – Big Picture Stuff – notnot details! details!
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What is a Plant?What is a Plant? 2 kingdoms ….. Plant 2 kingdoms ….. Plant
& Animal& Animal Animals moved about; Animals moved about;
Plants didn’t and Plants didn’t and were photosyntheticwere photosynthetic
FungiFungi Photosynthetic Photosynthetic
protists (aka protists (aka “algae”)“algae”)
Land PlantsLand Plants
5Elysia chlorotica :: solar-powered sea slug
Division Phase of the Cell Division Phase of the Cell CycleCycle
Division of the nucleus is Division of the nucleus is karyokinesis karyokinesis
There are two types: There are two types: Mitosis - Duplication divisionMitosis - Duplication division Meiosis - Reduction divisionMeiosis - Reduction division
Division of the cytoplasm is Division of the cytoplasm is cytokinesiscytokinesis
Centrioles/CentrosomeCentrioles/Centrosome Absent Absent
PinophytaPinophyta AngiospermsAngiosperms Some fungiSome fungi
Present Present Some fungiSome fungi Male gametes ofMale gametes of
o CharophytesCharophyteso BryophytesBryophyteso Ferns and fern alliesFerns and fern allieso CycadsCycadso GingkoGingko
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MitosisMitosis Four phases:Four phases:
ProphaseProphase MetaphaseMetaphase AnaphaseAnaphase TelophaseTelophase
II PProposed roposed MMarriage to arriage to AAnna by nna by TTelephone, elephone, CCarefullyarefully
In or nearIn or near meristem cellsmeristem cells
Less Common Types of Less Common Types of DivisionDivision
Karyokinesis Karyokinesis without cytokinesiswithout cytokinesis Multinucleate cells Multinucleate cells
-- coenocytes-- coenocytes Cytokinesis Cytokinesis
without without karyokinesiskaryokinesis Most common in Most common in
algae, fungi, and algae, fungi, and the nutritive tissues the nutritive tissues of seedsof seeds
Unusual Unusual Mitosis may Mitosis may represent represent evolutionarilevolutionarily older linesy older lines
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Cell Division: ProkaryotesCell Division: Prokaryotes Division by binary Division by binary
fissionfission Circular DNA replicates Circular DNA replicates
attached to the cell attached to the cell membranemembrane
Replicates separated by Replicates separated by membrane growthmembrane growth
Cytokinesis occurs by a Cytokinesis occurs by a process of infurrowingprocess of infurrowing
The plasma membrane The plasma membrane pulls inward and pinches pulls inward and pinches in twoin two
Division: Chloroplasts and Division: Chloroplasts and MitochondriaMitochondria
DNA is replicated as DNA is replicated as in prokaryotesin prokaryotes Division occurs either Division occurs either
by in furrowing or by by in furrowing or by being pulled in twobeing pulled in two
Replication -- not Replication -- not coordinated with the coordinated with the cell cycle cell cycle
Appears continuous Appears continuous throughout interphase.throughout interphase.
GametesGametes Process? It depends!Process? It depends! Meiosis …..Meiosis …..
AnimalsAnimals Some protistsSome protists Some AlgaeSome Algae
MitosisMitosis PlantsPlants Some AlgaeSome Algae
A brief note on ploidy …..A brief note on ploidy …..15
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Fertilization and meiosis Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life alternate in sexual life
cyclescycles Life cycle -- generation-to-generation sequence of Life cycle -- generation-to-generation sequence of
stages in the reproductive history of an organismstages in the reproductive history of an organism
Sexual Reproduction -- Alternation of meiosis and Sexual Reproduction -- Alternation of meiosis and fertilizationfertilization
Life cycles -- timing of meiosis and fertilization Life cycles -- timing of meiosis and fertilization
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Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Haploid gametes (n = 23)
Ovum (n)
Spermcell (n)
TestisOvary
Mitosis anddevelopment
Multicellular diploidadults (2n = 46)
FERTILIZATIONMEIOSIS
Diploidzygote
(2n = 46)
In In animalsanimals, , meiosis meiosis
produces produces gametesgametes The only The only
haploid cells in haploid cells in animalsanimals
Gametes fuse Gametes fuse to form a to form a
diploid zygotediploid zygote
Gametic Gametic MeiosisMeiosis
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Zygotic MeiosisZygotic Meiosis
In most fungi and some protistsIn most fungi and some protists only diploid stage is the single-celled only diploid stage is the single-celled
zygotezygote Zygote -- haploid cells by meiosisZygote -- haploid cells by meiosis Haploid cell grows by mitosis into a Haploid cell grows by mitosis into a
haploid multicellular organismhaploid multicellular organism The haploid adult produces gametes by The haploid adult produces gametes by
mitosismitosis
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Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations
Sporic MeiosisSporic Meiosis Plants and some algae Plants and some algae Two multicellular “generations” -- one Two multicellular “generations” -- one
diploid and one haploiddiploid and one haploid Sporophyte (diploid) -- makes haploid Sporophyte (diploid) -- makes haploid
spores by meiosisspores by meiosis Spore germinates -- haploid organism Spore germinates -- haploid organism
called a gametophytecalled a gametophyte Gametophyte (haploid) -- haploid Gametophyte (haploid) -- haploid
gametes by mitosisgametes by mitosis
TaxonomyTaxonomy Naming and Naming and
classifying speciesclassifying species Early goals:Early goals:
Develop Develop natural natural systemsystem of of classification – classification – grouping closely grouping closely related organismsrelated organisms
Assigning plant Assigning plant names based on names based on phylogenetic phylogenetic relationshipsrelationships
ConceptsConcepts Modern GoalsModern Goals
understanding evolutionary linesunderstanding evolutionary lines system of nomenclature reflecting system of nomenclature reflecting
phylogenyphylogeny TaxonomyTaxonomy – study of how things are – study of how things are
classified classified Phylogenetics -- Phylogenetics -- Reconstructing Reconstructing
evolutionary historyevolutionary history Phylogeny is reality; classification Phylogeny is reality; classification
systems are hypotheses. systems are hypotheses.
Figure 1: Five recently published representative topologies among Figure 1: Five recently published representative topologies among eudicots (Eud), monocots (Mon), magnoliids (Mag), eudicots (Eud), monocots (Mon), magnoliids (Mag), Ceratophyllaceae (Cer) and Chloranthaceae (Chl).Ceratophyllaceae (Cer) and Chloranthaceae (Chl).
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From: Zeng, L., Q. Zhang, R. Sun, H. Kong, N. Zhang and H. Ma. From: Zeng, L., Q. Zhang, R. Sun, H. Kong, N. Zhang and H. Ma. 2014. 2014. Resolution of deep Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times. Nature angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times. Nature Communications 5, Article number: 4956 doi:10.1038/ncomms5956Communications 5, Article number: 4956 doi:10.1038/ncomms5956
ConceptsConcepts Phylogenetics -- Phylogenetics -- Reconstructing Reconstructing
hypothetical hypothetical evolutionary historyevolutionary history Knowledge incomplete and imperfect Knowledge incomplete and imperfect
classification systems are only classification systems are only approximationsapproximations
Phylogenies are only hypotheses Phylogenies are only hypotheses
A phylogeny is only as robust as the A phylogeny is only as robust as the data!data!
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Systematics:Systematics:Links Taxonomy and Links Taxonomy and
PhylogenyPhylogeny Systematists Systematists
depict depict evolutionary evolutionary relationships in relationships in branching branching phylogenetic phylogenetic treestrees
Carnivora
Pantherapardus
(leopard)
Mephitismephitis
(striped skunk)
Lutra lutra(European
otter)
Canisfamiliaris
(domestic dog)
Canislupus(wolf)S
pec
ies
Gen
us
Fam
ilyO
rder
Felidae Mustelidae Canidae
Panthera Mephitis Lutra Canis
TopologyTopology
Order of terminal Order of terminal nodes is irrelevant nodes is irrelevant – only branching – only branching order important.order important.
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TopologyTopology
A – cladogram: A – cladogram: information contained information contained in branching orderin branching order
B – phylogram: branch B – phylogram: branch lengths proportional to lengths proportional to measure of divergencemeasure of divergence
C – phylogram: branch C – phylogram: branch lengths scaled to timelengths scaled to time
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Cladistics / PhylogeneticsCladistics / Phylogenetics Clades can be Clades can be
nested in nested in larger clades, larger clades, but not all but not all groupings or groupings or organisms organisms qualify as qualify as cladesclades
Carnivora
Pantherapardus
(leopard)
Mephitismephitis
(striped skunk)
Lutra lutra(European
otter)
Canisfamiliaris
(domestic dog)
Canislupus(wolf)S
pec
ies
Gen
us
Fam
ilyO
rder
Felidae Mustelidae Canidae
Panthera Mephitis Lutra Canis
Phylogenetic GroupingsPhylogenetic Groupings
What’s a What’s a monophyletimonophyletic group?c group?
How many How many monophyletimonophyletic groups?c groups?
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Phylogenetic Terminology Apomorphy –
derived character Plesiomorphy –
Ancestral character Autapomorphy –
unique & characteristic to monophyletic group
Synapomorphy – shared derived characters
Homoplasy – similarity not due to common ancestry
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Grouping Species: The Grouping Species: The Basic IdeaBasic Idea
Kingdoms and domains -- broadest Kingdoms and domains -- broadest units of classificationunits of classification
King Philip Cleverly Ordered Fried King Philip Cleverly Ordered Fried Green squidGreen squid … …
Ursidae
Ursus
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom DomainUrsusamericanus(Americanblack bear)
© 2009 W.W. Norton & © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Company, Inc.
DISCOVER BIOLOGY DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e4/e
Levels of Taxonomic Hierarchy
Seven primary levels(8 counting Domain!)
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NomenclatureNomenclatureTaxonomic
rankFungi Algae Plants
Phylum -mycota -phyta -phyta
Subphylum -mycotina -phytine -phytina
Class -mycetes -phyceae -opsida
Subclass -mycetidae -phycidae -idae
Order -ales -ales -ales
Suborder -ineae -ineae -ineae
Family -aceae -aceae -aceae
Subfamily -oideae -oideae -oideae
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International Code of Botanical Nomenclature – http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm
Families, Genera & Families, Genera & SpeciesSpecies Family – Rosaceae (ca. 100 genera Family – Rosaceae (ca. 100 genera
worldwide) worldwide) GeneraGenera
AmelanchierAmelanchier MalusMalus PrunusPrunus PyrusPyrus RosaRosa RubusRubus
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Families, Genera & Families, Genera & SpeciesSpecies Family Rosaceae – species Family Rosaceae – species Rosa Rosa
multifloramultiflora Species in different generaSpecies in different genera
Amelanchier arborea Amelanchier arborea -- serviceberry -- serviceberry Malus pumilaMalus pumila – common apple – common apple Prunus americanaPrunus americana – American plum – American plum Pyrus communisPyrus communis – pear – pear Rubus odoratusRubus odoratus – wild blackberry – wild blackberry
Species in the same genusSpecies in the same genus Rosa canina Rosa canina – Dog rose– Dog rose Rosa setigeraRosa setigera – Prairie rose – Prairie rose Rosa carolinaRosa carolina – Carolina rose – Carolina rose
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Binomial Scientific Binomial Scientific NamesNames The The scientific namescientific name -- genus name and -- genus name and
specific epithetspecific epithet UniqueUnique Properly includes authorityProperly includes authority
Names are treated as Latin and always Names are treated as Latin and always underlinedunderlined or or italicizeditalicized The first letter of the genus name is The first letter of the genus name is alwaysalways
capitalizedcapitalized The first letter of the species name is The first letter of the species name is alwaysalways lower lower
casecase Authorities, “variety,” etc. unitalicized.Authorities, “variety,” etc. unitalicized.
Species name is Species name is alwaysalways paired with its genus paired with its genus namename Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
Specie == MoneySpecie == Money44
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Biological DiversityBiological Diversity
Biologists have named about 2 million speciesBiologists have named about 2 million species
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Biological DiversityBiological Diversity
Estimates of total species range from 10 million to over 200 millionEstimates of total species range from 10 million to over 200 million
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Early Biological Early Biological ThoughtThought
Expressed by ancient Expressed by ancient Greek philosophersGreek philosophers Plato (427-347 B.C.)Plato (427-347 B.C.) Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
arranged all organisms arranged all organisms on a linear scale of on a linear scale of increasing complexity increasing complexity (“ladder of Nature”)(“ladder of Nature”)
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History of Classification History of Classification SchemesSchemes
Until 1969 – 2 Kingdoms (Plant & Until 1969 – 2 Kingdoms (Plant & Animal)Animal)
1969 – Robert Whittaker: 5 1969 – Robert Whittaker: 5 KingdomsKingdoms all bacteria in Kingdom Moneraall bacteria in Kingdom Monera
1990 – Carl Woese: 3 Domains1990 – Carl Woese: 3 DomainsBACTERIA EUKARYAARCHAEA
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The Three Domains of LifeThe Three Domains of Life At the highest level, life is classified into At the highest level, life is classified into
three domains:three domains: Bacteria (prokaryotes)Bacteria (prokaryotes) Archaea (prokaryotes)Archaea (prokaryotes) Eukarya (eukaryotes)Eukarya (eukaryotes)
o Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protistao Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantaeo Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungio Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
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The Five Kingdoms of The Five Kingdoms of LifeLife
ProkaryotesProkaryotes Archaea – Archaea – Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea Bacteria Bacteria – – Domain BacteriaDomain Bacteria Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria – – Domain BacteriaDomain Bacteria
Animals – Animals – Domain EukaryaDomain EukaryaPlants Plants – – Domain EukaryaDomain EukaryaFungi Fungi – – Domain EukaryaDomain EukaryaProtists Protists – – Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya
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TaxonomyTaxonomyA Constant State of FluxA Constant State of Flux
Classifications Change ……Classifications Change …… Systematists regularly propose changes Systematists regularly propose changes
in classificationin classification Classifications Change When New Classifications Change When New
Information Is DiscoveredInformation Is Discovered
A classification is …….A classification is …….
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you are here
Fungi
Slime Molds
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Another Classification Another Classification SchemeScheme
http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/taxa.htm
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