1 Plagiarism Lesson PPT
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Transcript of 1 Plagiarism Lesson PPT
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Write it right,in your own words
Plagiarism: What it isand how to avoid it
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What exactly does plagiarism mean?
1)To use and pass off the ideasor writings of another (person) asone's own. (American HeritageDictionary)
2) To use anothers production
without crediting the source. Tocommit literary theft To presentas new and original an idea or
product derived from an existing
source. (Merriam-WebsterDictionary)
Note: To attributeand to citebothrefer to giving credit to someone
for using their words, ideas,opinions, images or other work.
Image: ncsu.edu
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It is stealing, then lying about it
Some actions can clearly belabeled plagiarism:
Buying or copying essays orother papers from online sites
and passing them off as yourown work.
Copying large sections ofanother persons work including text in print or online
without properly quoting andciting the source.
Having someone else writeyour paper for you.
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A powerful tool, too easily misused
The World Wide Web and searchengines like Google have made it
easy to find and use informationabout almost any topic or subject.
But cutting and pasting from the
Internet can lead to intentionally orunintentionally misusing the ideas,words, images and work of others
by passing them off as your own.
Note: The same rules apply to using
a source on the Internet as in usinga printed source.
So keep this principle in sight:When you use information from a
web site, you must citeyour source.
Image: geekosystem.com
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The temptation of easy informationThe amount of informationavailable on the Internet is
virtually inconceivable. On almostany subject,you can findthousands, if not millions, ofweb pageswith often detailedinformation about the subject.
Here are the number of results asimple Google search turned upon four possible essay topics.
! Should same-sex marriage belegal? 111 million hits
!
We are becoming toodependent on computers.
40 million hits
! Software, music and moviepiracy is not really a crime.
15 million hits
! We do not need religion to act
morally. 4 million hits
Scores of web sites offer essays
on every topic sometimes at aprice but often free. Here are ajust a few of the many choices:
essayforum.com / debatewise.org
teenink.com / freeessays123.com
essaydepot.com / antiessays.com
termpaperwarehouse.com
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Plagiarism by copying and not citing
From an essay titled Smokingshould be banned in publicplaces on antiessays.com:
On the other hand smokers saythat smoking in their own officeor whatever is harmless toother people, but on the other
hand the air conditioningsystem distributes the smoke inthe whole building and finallyeverybody is affected. One mainargument of the smoker lobbyis that not letting smokers andaddicted smokers smoke wherethey want to is an infringement
of there right is ridiculous,becausethey can choose wherethey smoke, but non-smokerscannot decide where theybreathe.
From a students essay titledSmoking should be bannedworldwide:
On the other hand smokers saythat smoking in their own officeor whatever is harmless toother people, but on the other
handthe air conditioningsystem distributes the smoke inthe whole building and finallyeverybody is affected. One mainargument of the smoker lobbyis that not letting smokers andaddicted smokers smoke wherethey want to is an infringement
of there right is ridiculous,because they can choose wherethey smoke, but non-smokerscannot decide where theybreathe.
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Plagiarism by patchwork copying
This type of plagiarism may bethe most common. It occurswhen the writer weaves insentences, phrases or even whole
paragraphs without usingquotation marks or giving credit
to the source material.
The resulting text is like apatchwork quilt.
Here is an example of patchworkplagiarism.
With regard to children, they aretotally insensitive to their parents'shyness. It is rare for child tolabel a parent as shy. It is easy tounderstand this, since the parentsare in positions of control andauthority in their own home. Theymay not show their shy side totheir children. Moreover, sinceshyness is viewed as unfavorable bymost children, it may bethreateningfor them to think of
their parents in that way. Duringthe formative years, the parent isidealized as all-knowing and all-powerful -- not dumb, ugly, or weak.
Source: University of Louisiana MonroeLibraryImage: openhouseart.co.uk
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Plagiarism by improper paraphrasingProper paraphrasing means
putting the ideas or opinions ofthe original text into your ownwords, and citing the source.
Even if you change the words alittle or use synonyms but stillessentially retain the thoughtsor sentence structures of the
original, this is still consideredplagiarism whether you citethe source or not.
Here is an example of aplagiarized paraphrase fromClassZone.com. Though somewords and phrases have been
changed, the writer did notsummarize the original in his orher own words or credit theoriginal source:
Sources: University of Louisiana MonroeLibrary, ClassZone.com
Original: Among other
equipment, hurricane huntersuse a dropsonde. This is asmall, round tube. It is droppedinto the eye of the hurricane. Aparachute at the top of thetube opens and slows it down.The dropsonde falls toward theocean. It picks up information
about the storm. It then radiosthis information back to theplane.
Paraphrase: Among otherinstruments, hurricane huntersuse a dropsonde. A dropsondeis a small, round tube that is
dropped into the eye of thehurricane. A parachute opensand slows it down. As thedropsonde detects informationabout the storm, it radios thatinformation back to hurricanehunters in the plane.
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Perhaps it was done unintentionally
1)A student may carelessly orincorrectly cite ideas andwords borrowed from anothersource. This is not intentionalplagiarism.
2)A student who tries to
identify and credit the sourcebut has not been taught howto properly cite sources hasnot intentionally plagiarized.
Ethical writers make everyeffort to attribute theirinformation and credit theirsources fully and properly.
Source: Council of Writing Program
Administrators
Why students plagiarize
Lack of research skills Lack of time Careless note-taking Confusion about how to cite
sources properly
Survey: WritingShield.com
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Knowing when you must give credit
The key to avoiding plagiarism is
to be sure you give credit wherecredit is due. You must cite:
Words or ideas presented in amagazine, book, web page,
newspaper, song, TV program,movie, computer program,
advertisement, letter or email.
Information you gain throughinterviewing or talking with
another person, face to face, overthe phone, or in writing.
The use of the exact words of asentence or unique phrase.
When your words reproduce a
writers style of expression, wordorder, artistic turn of phrase oruse of metaphor and figures of
speech.
When you reprint diagrams,illustrations, charts, pictures or
other visual materials.
When you use any electronicimages, audio, video or other
media.
Bottom line: Give credit for
something that someone elsesaid, wrote, emailed or created.
Source: Purdue University Online
Writing Lab
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Is it plagiarism? You be the judge
Here is the original passage:
Students frequently overusedirect quotation in takingnotes, and as a result theyoveruse quotations in the finalpaper. Probably only about 10
percent of your finalmanuscript should appear asdirectly quoted matter.Therefore, you should strive tolimit the amount of exacttranscribing of source
materials while taking notes.
Source: Lester, James D. WritingResearch Papers. 2nd ed. (1976):
46-47. Print.
On the handout, you will find
three examples of studentparaphrases of the passageby Lester. Read them andanswer the followingquestions for each example:
1)Has the student plagiarizedthe original passage?
2)If so, how?
3)What could her or she havedone to avoid plagiarizing?
Adapted from Quote, Paraphrase andSummarize Properly! Paola Brown,
Mesa Community College.www.mesacc.edu
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Proper paraphrasing: A high-level skillExample 1is mostly well done, but
the student should have usedquotation marks on the part of thethird sentence he or she used wordfor word. Also the writer didntinclude the source page number.
Example 2is plagiarism. Thewording of the paraphrased firstsentence is too close to theoriginal. The second is copiedverbatim and would have to be putin quotes. The third is almostidentical. Nor has the student citedthe source of the paragraph.
Example 3is well done. Theparaphrases are in the studentsown words. He or she properly usesa signal phrase according toLester to credit the author, andcites the page number inparentheses.
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Once more, just to be perfectly clearTo avoid plagiarism, you must
attribute properly whenever youuse:
1)Another personsidea, opinionor theory.
2)Quotations of another personsactual spoken or written words.
3)A paraphrase or summary ofanother persons spoken orwritten words.
4) Facts, statistics, graphs,drawings or any pieces ofinformation that are notcommon knowledge.
Source: Indiana University Writing TutorialServices
Image: care2.com
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Some things may not need to be cited
Writing about your ownexperiences, your ownobservations and insights,your own thoughts, your ownconclusions about a subject.
Recording your own results
obtained through lab or fieldexperiments
Using your own artwork,photographs, video, audio orother media.
Generally accepted facts, forexample: Pollution is bad forthe environment. Mammalsare warm-blooded. Fish havegills.
What is considered
common knowledge, suchas folklore, common senseobservations, myths, andwell-known historical events.
But note that historicaldocuments must be cited.
Source: Purdue University OnlineWriting Lab
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Just what is common knowledge?Knowledge known by everyone
or nearly everyone.
Generally, you can regardsomething as common
knowledge if you find the sameinformation used undocumented
in at least five credible, reliablesources.
It might be common knowledge if
the information is something a
person could easily find ingeneral reference sources, such
as atlases or encyclopedias.
Widely known scientific facts,
such as: The molecular structure ofwater (H2O).
Widely known historical facts,such as: Abraham Lincoln was
assassinated in 1865 by John
Wilkes Booth.But note that opinions andinterpretations generally arenotconsideredforms of commonknowledge.
When in doubt, cite the source.
Sources: Purdue University OnlineWriting Lab, Harvard Writing Program
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Deciding what to cite: An example1)The elevation of Sumpter, atown in Oregon, is 4,424 feet
above sea level.
2)Though it is part of thepicturesque history of Sumpter,
the gold mining dredge has leftthe little valley a granite-strewn
ruin.
3)Now less than 4 percent of thepopulation of Sumpter is involved
in mining or other naturalresource industries.
4)The best time to visit Sumpteris in the winter, when everyone
can enjoy snowmobiling, skiing
and dog-sledding.
Source: Oregon Department of Education
A gold mining dredge in Sumpter.wikipedia.com
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Private domain or public domain?1)The elevation of Sumpter, a
town in Oregon, is 4,424 feetabove sea level.
Public domain, does not requirecitation. Easily looked up in many
sources. A fact not under dispute.
No distinctive sentence structure.2)Though part of thepicturesque history of Sumpter,
the gold mining dredge has left
the little valley a granite-strewnruin.
Private domain, requires citation.Opinion, a particular perspective.
Also, the sentence structure and
phrasing are distinctive and belongto the author.
3)Now less than 4 percent of the
population of Sumpter is involvedin mining or farming.
Private domain, requires citation.This may be a statistical fact, but itis the result of a particular studyconducted on a particular date. It isdata not necessarily widely known
or accessible.4)The best time to visit Sumpteris in the winter, when everyonecan enjoy snowmobiling, skiingand dog-sledding.
Private domain, requires citation.
Opinion, represents a particularpoint of view. (Some people wouldbe of the opposite opinion, valuingfishing, hiking or other summersports more than the winter ones.)
Source: Oregon Department of Education
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Good reasons to cite your sources
Citations reflect the careful andthorough workyou have put intofinding and exploring your sources.
Citations are an obligation and acourtesy to the reader. They helpreaders understand the context of
your argument or point of view.
Citations allow you to acknowledgeauthorswho made possibleparticular aspects of your work.
Citations draw attention to theoriginality of your own ideas andlend credence to your work.
Source: Dartmouth College Institute for Writingand Rhetoric
Image: jafaloo.com
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Arms race: Detecting web plagiarism
You can always check a passagewith a Google search. Its easy,fast, free and effective.
But if intentional plagiarism issuspected, computer-assisteddetection allows vast collectionsof documents to be compared.
The document to be checked isuploaded to the detectionsoftware web site, where it iscompared to a database ofdocuments. The detectorsearches the web and compilesarticles, journals, books andother sources for comparison.
Here are just five of the manyplagiarism detection services:
Turnitin.com, the best-known butalso the most expensive
WriteCheck.com, a citationchecker for students
Turnitoutsafely.com, a plagiarism
checker, citation manager, and aparaphrase helper
Grammarly.com, anautomatedproofreader and plagiarismchecker.
PlagiarismChecker.com, another
tool to compare papers to searchengine results.
Sources: National Council of Teachersof English, wikipedia
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The right ways to use anothers work2) Paraphrasingis putting a
passage from a source into yourown words. Paraphrases usuallycondense and shorten the
original passage.
3) Summarizinginvolves puttingthe main points or ideas into
your own words. You mustattribute summarized ideas to
the original source. A summary
takes a broad overview of theideas in the source material.
Source: Purdue University OnlineWriting Lab
There are three main methods of
incorporating another writerswork into your own writing.
They differ according to how
closely you use the original
material.
But with all three methods, youmust give credit to the source.
1) Quotationsmust be identicalto the original, but are usually
shorter. They must match theoriginal word for word and be put
in quotation marks.
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Recognizing and avoiding plagiarism
Source Text 1The ways in which domesticatedanimals have diverged from theirwild ancestors include the
following. Many species changedin size: cows, pigs, and sheep
became smaller under
domestication, while guinea pigsbecame larger.
Source: Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs,and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies.New York and London: W. W. Norton &
Co., 1999. Print. Page 159.
Student 1There are many differences
between domesticated and wild
animals.
Student 2Domesticated animals divergedfrom their wild ancestors innumerous ways. Animals such as
cows became smaller, whileanimals such as guinea pigs
became larger.
Student 3A careful examination of the
ways in which domesticated
animals have diverged from theirwild ancestors shows that cows,
pigs, and sheep became smallerunder domestication, while
guinea pigs became larger.
Adapted from Recognizing andAvoiding Plagiarism. Cornell University
College of Arts and Sciences. Web.
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Use quotes, paraphrase, cite a source
Student 1OK: By definition, domesticatedand wild animals are different;thus, the student has notreproduced an idea or piece ofresearch unique to Diamond'swork. But neither is the
statement very informative.
Student 2
Not OK: This sample usesinformation and ideas fromDiamond's passage that are not
common knowledge. The writersimply rephrases each ofDiamond's sentences in theoriginal order. Since the studentuses no documentationwhatsoever, this sample involvesplagiarism.
Student 3Not OK: This writing samplequotes two passages verbatimfrom Diamond: "the ways inwhich domesticated animals havediverged from their wildancestors and "cows, pigs, and
sheep became smaller underdomestication, while guinea pigsbecame larger." Although thestudent strings these quotationstogether in his/her own sentence,both the ideas and phrasingbelong to Diamond. Without
quotation marks or an attributionto Diamond, this writing sampleclearly constitutes plagiarism.
Adapted from Recognizing andAvoiding Plagiarism. Cornell University
College of Arts and Sciences. Web.
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Be careful in quoting, summarizing
Source Text 2In Gothic writings, fantasypredominates over reality, thestrange over the commonplace,and the supernatural over thenatural, with one definiteauthorial intent: to scare. Not,
that is, to reach down into thedepths of the soul and purge itwith pity and terror (as we saytragedy does), but to get to thebody itself, its glands, epidermis,muscles and circulatory system,quickly arousing and quickly
allaying the physical reactions tofear.
Source: Moers, Ellen. "Female Gothic:The Monster's Mother." Frankenstein.Ed. J. Paul Hunter. New York andLondon: W. W. Norton, 1996. 214.
Student 1According to Ellen Moers, Gothicwritings "get to the body itself, itsglands, epidermis, muscles, andcirculatory system, quicklyarousing and quickly allaying thephysical reactions to fear" (214).
Student 2
Gothic novels were written withone definite authorial intent: toscare (Moers 214).
Student 3
While tragedy affects the soul,Gothic writings affect the body.
Adapted from Recognizing andAvoiding Plagiarism. Cornell University
College of Arts and Sciences. Web.
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Remember: Not just words, but ideas
Student 1OK: This sample introduces thequote with an attribution toMoers, then puts her words in
quotation marks and gives the
page number. The reader knows
which words belong to Moers andwhere to find the quote.
Student 2
Not OK: The student cites Moersand the page number, but there
is an unmarked direct quotationin the sentence. Without quotemarks to set off this phrase, the
reader assumes that only the
idea comes from Moers, not theactual words.
Student 3Not OK: This writing samplesummarizes Moers opinionabout the difference betweentragic and Gothic writing. Herdefinitions of tragedy and Gothicare not common, dictionary
definitions. Instead, she proposesa specialized way of viewing bothgenres as part of her overalltheory. In addition, the studentborrows Moers oppositionbetween soul and body, tragedyand Gothic. This writing sample
therefore needs to document itssources.
Adapted from Recognizing andAvoiding Plagiarism. Cornell University
College of Arts and Sciences. Web.
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Source: United Nations Population Division Briefing Packet, 1998 Revision of World
Population Prospects. Human Population: Fundamentals of Growth Population Growthand Distribution. Population Reference Bureau. Web. 12 May 2005. www.prb.org
World Population Distribution by Region, 1800-2050
Student Text: According to the United Nations briefing packet titled1998 Revision of World Population Prospects, Latin America will
account for 9.1 percent of global population by 2050. (prb.org)
Cite sources of charts, tables, figures
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Source: United Nations Population Division Briefing Packet, 1998 Revision of WorldPopulation Prospects. Human Population: Fundamentals of Growth Population Growthand Distribution. Population Reference Bureau. Web. 12 May 2005. www.prb.org
World Population Distribution by Region, 1800-2050
Student Text: According to the United Nations briefing packet titled1998 Revision of World Population Prospects, Latin America willaccount for 9.1 percent of global population by 2050.
OK: The writer gives the title and source of the original UN briefingpacket within the sentence, and the information is accurate.
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Cartoon by Brian Fairrington / Cagle Cartoons