1

Physiology Exam 1 Study

chapters 1-5

2

The cytoplasm includes all material inside the cell membrane except for_____.

3

Nucleus

4

Which elements make up 90% of your body’s mass?

5

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

6

The alpha helix and pleated sheets are examples of ____ structure proteins.

7

Secondary

8

A sequence of amino acids are examples of ____ structure proteins.

9

Primary

10

Fibrous proteins (Collagen) and Globular proteins (Hemoglobin) are examples of ____ structure proteins.

11

Quaternary structure

12

A 5M solution of 0.100 mL glucose contains how many grams of glucose? (m.w. of glucose is 180g)

13

M = #mols of solute

L of solution

90g glucose

14

Name the six nonmembraneous organelles

15

Cilia

Centrioles

Microvilli

Cytoskeleton

Flagella

Ribosomes

16

How many primary tissue types are in the human body?

17

Four

18

What are the primary tissue types in the body?

19

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Neural

20

Plasma is to blood as ____ is to cytoplasm.

21

Cytosol

22

Clathrin and Caveolae are used in which process by the cell to bring molecules in to the cytoplasm?

23

Endocytosis

24

How does potocytosis differ from endocytosis?

25

Potocytosis uses caveolae rather than clathrin coated pits to bring molecules into the cell.

26

What happens to macromolecules that are too large to enter or leave cells through protein channels or carriers?

27

Cells use two basic mechanisms to import large molecules and particles: phogocytosis and endocytosis.

28

In osmosis water always moves towards the ___ solution, that is the solution with the ___ concentration of solute.

29

Hypertonic,

Higher

30

During osmosis, what happens to water once all concentrations are equal?

31

Net movement of water stops.

32

What are the units of osmotic pressure?

33

atmospheres (atm) or millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

34

If a cell is place in solution A and it swells, solution A is ____.

35

Hypotonic

36

If a cell is place in solution B and it shrinks, solution B is ____.

37

Hypertonic

38

If a cell is place in solution C and it doesn’t change size, solution C is ____.

39

Isotonic

40

The framework of cilia, flagella, centriole, and mitotic spindle is formed by ____.

41

Microtubels

42

What cellular specialization causes fluid to flow over the epithelial surface?

43

Cilia

44

What is the main component of cytosol?

45

Water

46

What layer of skin protects from bacterial, chemical, and mechanical injuries?

47

Epidermis

48

What layer of skin contains adipose tissue?

49

Hypodermis

50

What is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the aid of a membrane protein?

51

Facilitated diffusion

52

Where are receptors molecules for chemical signaling located?

53

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

54

What is a bond in which atoms are completely lost or gained during bonding?

55

Ionic Bond

56

What is a molecule whose shared electrons are distributed so evenly that there are no regions of partial charge?

57

Non-polar molecules

58

What is an antioxidant?

59

A molecule that alters free radicals

60

What would we expect from a cell with an extensive Golgi Apparatus?

61

Secretion of a lot of material

62

What would we expect from a cell with a large number of Mitochondria?

63

Production of large amounts of energy (ATP).

64

You conduct a study on 20 18 year olds (subjects) to see how intensity of exercise influence heart rate. What is the dependent variable?

65

Heart rate

66

You conduct a study on 20 18 year olds (subjects) to see how intensity of exercise influence heart rate. What is the independent variable?

67

Intensity of exercise

68

What is a bond that results when two atoms share a pair of electrons, one from each atom?

69

Covalent bond

70

Of the following bonds; hydrogen, covalent, and Van der Waals Forces, which bond usually requires input of energy to be broken?

71

Covalent bonds

72

The cells of any tissue are held together by specialized connections called_____.

73

Cell Junctions

74

_____ junctions create cytoplasmic communication bridges between adjoining cells so that chemical and electrical signaling pass rapidly from one cell to the next.

75

Gap Junctions

76

What cell junction are occluding.

77

Tight junctions

78

Which type of junctions create what is called the blood-brain barrier?

79

Tight junctions

80

Which type use Cadherin proteins?

81

Desmosomes(anchoring junctions)

82

Which type of junctions Connexin proteins?

83

Gap junctions

84

What is protein specificity?

85

The ability of a protein to bind to a specific ligand or group of closely related molecules.

86

True or False? One function of a membrane protein is to produce energy.

87

False

88

Cytoplasmic protein fibers come in three sizes. Which is the largest?

89

Microtubles

90

Cytoplasmic protein come in three sizes. Which is the smallest?

91

Micro filaments

92

Cytoplasmic protein come in three sizes. Which is the mid-size?

93

Intermediate

filaments

94

What is a molecule that binds to another molecule?

95

Ligand

96

What is a ligand that binds to enzymes and membrane transporters.

97

Substrates

98

The internal skeleton of a cell is composed of what?

99

Micro filaments

Microtubels

Intermidiate filaments

100

How do proteins and other substances get from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi Apparatus?

101

Vesicles

102

In the cell what are the sacs that digest things called?

103

Lysosomes

104

Where in the cell are lipids manufactured?

105

Smooth ER

106

What is a major difference of active transport and facilitated diffusion?

107

Facilitated diffusion does not require ATP

108

True of False? One function of the cytoskeleton is to maintain a critical size limit on the cell.

109

False

110

What is it called when a group of carrier proteins operate at its maximum rate?

111

Saturation

112

Name the two ways the selectivity of a channel is determined.

113

Diameter of its central pore

Electrical Charge of the amino acids that line the channel

114

This type of channel spends most of its time in a closed state?

115

Gated channels

116

This type of channel allows ions to move back and forth across the membrane without regulation and is sometimes called “leak channels or pores?”

117

Open Channels