Part I: Urine Analysis

Urine Formation

Normal constituents of human urine

Water

Urea

Uric acid

Creatinine

Phosphates

Sulfates

Chlorides

Normal & Abnormal Constituents of Human Urine

Abormal constituents of human urine

Glucose

Acetone

Proteins

Blood

Bile

Normal physical properties of human urine

Sample .1Color .2Odor 3. Appearance 4. Volume Rx to litmus paper

Normal urine

Amber Yellow

Aromatic Uriniferous

Clear to slightly turbid

500 – 2000

ml / 24 h

Slightly Acidic

1. VOLUME :

Polyuria: excretion of >2500ml urine / 24 hours

( DM, D. insipidus, Kidney damage “polyuric renal failure phase”).

Oliguria: excretion of <400ml urine / 24 hours.

(Dehydration , Kidney damage “Oliguric renal failure phase”.

Anuria, excretion of <50ml urine / 24 hours, or no urine.

(Late renal failure phase, Severe obstruction due to Stones )

Abnormal physical properties of human urine

2. COLOR :

Nearly colorless : (D. Insipidus).

Dark yellow : (Concentrated Urine, due to dehydration).

Red color : (Blood Excretion d.t renal stones or bilharziasis).

Greenish color : (Bile pigments Excretion as in hepatitis or obstructive jaundice). Black color :

Alkaptonuria: due to inherited genetic disorder of phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, a toxic tyrosine product called homogentisic acid accumulates in the blood and is excreted in urine in large amounts.

Melanin (melanoma). Malignant malaria (black water fever).

Abnormal physical properties of human urine

Normal Urine Light yel low Dark yel low

Red urine Greenish ur ine Black ur ine

Abnormal physical properties of human urine

3. APPEARANCE :

Whitish turbid: (This is normal in females due to epithelial shedding)

Pus & Bacterial Cells (UT-infections).

Albuminuria (Renal. F).

4. ODOR :

Unpleasant bad odor : Pus & Bacterial Cells (UT-infections).

Fruity-like odor : due to ketonuria in case of Diabetes mellitus or

starvasion.

Abnormal physical properties of human urine

5. Deposits :

Normally, the urine contains no deposits.

Deposits are mainly due to: Crystals, salts or cells, Blood clots, necrotic tissues

and urinary stones.

6. PH : Acidic urine: is due to

ketosis (diabetes mellitus & starvation), severe diarrhea, metabolic and respiratory acidosis, excessive ingestion of meat and certain fruits (cranberries).

 Alkaline urine: is due to - Respiratory and metabolic alkalosis. - Urinary tract infection. - Vegetarians.

Abnormal physical properties of human urine