POLITICAL SCIENCE: the systematic study of the state and the government

POLITICAL: comes from the Greek word polis which means a city or state

SCIENCE: comes from the Latin word scire which means to know

SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCEPOLITICAL THEORY body of doctrines relating to the origin, form, behavior and purposes of the state.

PUBLIC LAW organization of the government and its powers and duties; limitation upon government authority.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION methods and techniques used in the actual management of state affairs.

IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCETo discover the principles that should be adhered to in public affairs and to study the operations of the government.

Its findings can be used in seeking resolutions to immediate situations.

To be able to deal with social and economic problems and other matters of public and private concerns.

CONCEPT OF STATEA community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own, to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedom from external control.

ELEMENTS OF THE STATEPeople the inhabitants or mass population living within the state.Territory the fixed portion of the surface of the earth inhabited by the people of the state.Government the agency through which the will of the state is expressed and carried out.Sovereignty the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from people and to have freedom from foreign control.

STATE

legal/political concept

one state may consist of one or more nations

NATION

ethnic concept

one nation may be made up of several states

STATE

principal

abstraction

cannot exist without the government

cannot be changed so long as the elements are present

GOVERNMENT

agent

externalize the will of the state

can exist without a state

can be changed

FORMS of GOVERNMENTAs to number of persons exercising sovereign powers

Monarchy one in which the supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single person.Aristocracy one in which political power is exercised by a few privileged classDemocracy one in which political power is exercised by a majority of people.

As to extent of powers by the central government

Unitary government one in which the control of national and local affairs is exercised by the central or national government.Federal government one in which the powers of government are divided between two sets of organs, one for national affairs and the other for local affairs.

As to relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of the government

Parliamentary government one in which the state confers upon the legislature the power to terminate the tenure of office of the real executive.Presidential government one in which the state makes the executive independent of the legislature as regards his tenure, policies and acts.

GOVERNMENT of the PHILIPPINES in TRANSITION

PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENTBarangayDatuSocial classesEarly laws

SPANISH PERIODFerdinand Magellan (1521)Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1566)Katipunan government (1892)Biak na Bato Republic (1897)Dictatorial government (1898)Philippine Independence at Kawit, CaviteRevolutionary government (1898)First Philippine Republic (1898)Malolos Constitution

AMERICAN PERIODTreaty of ParisMilitary government (1898)Civil government (1901)Commonwealth government (1934)Tydings Mc Duffie Law

JAPANESE PERIODJapanese Military Administration (1942)The Philippine Executive CommissionThe Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines (1943)

The PROVISIONAL GOVT. of 1986RevolutionaryDe jure/de factoConstitutional DemocraticPowersProvisional Constitution

CONSTITUTIONis a written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited and defined by which these powers are distributed among the several departments/branches for the benefit of the people.

NATURE & PURPOSE OF CONSTITUTION1. Supreme/Fundamental Law Constitution is binding on all citizens and all organs of the government. It is the law to which all other laws must conform.

2. Basic FrameworkConstitution is providing system to the government; assigning powers and duties to different government departments/branches; protecting the rights of individuals against arbitrary actions of the government.

Requisites of a good written constitutionAs to formBriefBroadDefinite

As to contentsConstitution of governmentConstitution of libertyConstitution of sovereignty

CONSTITUTION

a legislation direct from the peoplemerely states the general framework of the lawnot merely to meet existing conditions but to govern the futurethe supreme or fundamental law

STATUTE

a legislation from the peoples representatives

provides the details of the subject it treats

to meet existing conditions only

Law born-out from the Constitution

CONSTITUTIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

Malolos ConstitutionSeptember 15, 1898, Congress met in Malolos, Bulacan and framed the Malolos Constitutionlasted only for a short period of time from January 23, 1899 to March 23, 1901

1935 ConstitutionMarch 24, 1934 Pres. Roosevelt authorized the calling of a constitutional convention to draft a constitution of the PhilippinesMarch 23, 1935 Pres. Roosevelt approved the Constitution.May 14, 1935 Filipinos ratified the Constitution

1973 ConstitutionMarch 16, 1967 Congress authorized the holding of a constitutional conventionJune 1, 1971 the convention started to rewrite the ConstitutionNovember 30, 1972 the proposed Constitution was signedSeptember 21, 1972 Pre. Marcos placed the entire country under martial lawJanuary 17, 1973 Filipinos ratified the Constitution

Freedom Constitution

February 22-25, 1986 - 4 day people power revoltMarch 25, 1986 - Freedom Constitution was promulgated

1987 ConstitutionApril 23, 1986 - Constitutional Commission was created to draft the proposed ConstitutionJune 2, 1986 - the Constitutional Commission convenedOctober 15, 1986 - draft of the Constitution was finishedFebruary 2, 1987 - the 1987 Constitution was ratified by the people on a plebiscite