Sight Smell Hearing Touch Taste Why are the senses important?
1 Other Important Senses Touch Taste Smell Body Position and Movement.
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Transcript of 1 Other Important Senses Touch Taste Smell Body Position and Movement.
2
Other Important Senses
Sense of touch is a mix of four distinct skin senses- pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.
Bru
ce A
yers
/ Sto
ne/ G
etty
Im
ages
3
Skin Senses
Only pressure has identifiable receptors, all other skin sensations are variations of
pressures, warmth, cold and pain.
Burning hot
Pressure Vibration Vibration
Cold, warmth and pain
4
Pain
Pain tells the body that something has gone wrong. Usually pain results from damage to the skin and other tissues. There is a rare disease in which the person feels no pain.
Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither painnor extreme hot or cold.
AP Photo/ Stephen M
orton
6
Gate-Control Theory
Melzak and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological
“gates” that either block pain or allow it to be sensed.
Gary C
omer/ PhototakeU
SA.com
7
Pain Control
Pain can be controlled by a number of therapies including, drugs, surgery,
acupuncture, exercise, hypnosis and even thought distraction.
Todd R
ichards and Aric V
ills, U.W
. ©
Hunter H
offman, w
ww
.vrpain.com
8
Taste
Traditionally taste sensations consisted of sweet, salty, sour and bitter tastes. Recently
receptors for a fifth taste have been discovered called “Umami”.
Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami(Fresh
Chicken)
9
Sensory Interaction
When one sense affects another sense sensory interaction takes place. So the taste of strawberry interacts with its smell and its
texture on the tongue to produce flavor.
10
Smell
Like taste smell is a chemical sense. Odorants enter the nasal cavity to stimulate 5 millions receptors to sense smell. Unlike
taste there are many different forms of smells.
11
Age, Gender and Smell
Ability to identify smell peaks during early adulthood but steadily decline after that. Women are better at detecting odors than
men.
12
Smell and Memories
Brain region (red) for smell is closely
connected with brain regions (limbic
system) involved with memory, that is
why strong memories are made through the sense of
smell.
13
Body Position and Movement
The sense of our body parts’ position and movement is called kinesthesis. And the vestibular sense monitors the head (and
body’s) position.
http
://ww
w.h
eyo
kam
ag
azin
e.co
m
Whirling Dervishes Wire Walk
Bob D
aemm
rich/ The Im
age Works
14
Perceptual Organization
Perceptual Organization Perceptual Illusions
Form Perception
Motion Perception
Perceptual Constancy
15
Perceptual Illusions
To understand how perception is organized, illusions provide good
examples. It is as good to study faulty perception as other perceptual
phenomena.
Line AB is longer than line BC.
16
Tall Arch
Vertical dimension of the
arch looks longer than the
horizontal dimension when both are equal.
Rick F
riedman/ B
lack Star
17
Illusion of a Worm
Figure on the right gives us the illusion of a blue hazy “worm” when it is nothing else but blue
lines identical to the picture on the left.
© 1981, by perm
ission of Christoph R
edies and L
othar Spillmann and Pion L
imited, L
ondon
18
3-D Illusion
To perceive this figure in two dimensions takes a great deal of effort.
Reprinted w
ith kind permission of E
lsevier Science-NL
. Adapted from
H
offman, D
. & R
ichards, W. Parts of recognition. C
ognition, 63, 29-78
19
Perceptual Organization
When vision competes with other senses vision usually wins – a phenomenon called
visual capture.
How do we form meaningful perceptions from sensory information?
We organize it. Gestalt psychologists showed that a figure formed a “whole”
different than its surroundings.
20
Organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their
surroundings (ground).
Form Perception
Tim
e Savings S
uggestion, © 2003 R
oger Sheperd.
21
Grouping
Having discriminated figure from ground our perception needs to organize figure
into meaningful form using grouping rules.
22
Grouping & Reality
Usually grouping principles help us construct reality but at times lead us astray.
Both photos by W
alter Wick. R
eprinted from G
AM
ES
Magazine. .©
1983 PCS G
ames L
imited Partnership
23
Depth Perception
Visual Cliff
Depth perception enables us to judge distances. Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human infants (crawling age) have depth perception.
Even new born animals show depth perception.
Inne
rvis
ions
24
Binocular Cues
Retinal disparity: Images from the two eyes differ. Try looking at your two fingers half
an inch apart about 5 inches away. You will see a “finger sausage” as shown in the inset.
25
Binocular Cues
Convergence: Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (towards the nose) to see near objects, and outward (away from the nose) to see far away objects.
26
Monocular Cues
Relative Size: If two objects are similar in size, we perceive one that casts a smaller
retinal image as farther away.
27
Monocular Cues
Interposition: Objects that occlude (block) other objects tend to be perceived as
closer.R
ene Magritte, The B
lank Signature, oil on canvas, N
ational Gallery of A
rt, Washington. C
ollection of M
r. and Mrs. Paul M
ellon. Photo by Richard C
arafelli.
28
Monocular Cues
Relative Clarity: Because light form distant objects passes through more air, we
perceive hazy objects as farther away than sharp clear objects.
29
Monocular Cues
Texture Gradient: Indistinct (fine) texture signals increasing distance.
© E
ric Lessing/ A
rt Resource, N
Y
30
Monocular Cues
Relative Height: We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away.
Image courtesy of S
haun P. V
ecera, Ph. D
., adapted from
stimuli that appered in V
ecrera et al., 2002
31
Monocular Cues
Relative motion: Objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in opposing direction to objects farther away from a fixation point, which move slower and in the same direction.
32
Monocular Cues
Linear Perspective: Parallel lines like rail road tracks, appear to converge with
distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.
© T
he New
Yorker C
ollection, 2002, Jack Ziegler
from cartoonbank.com
. All rights reserved.
33
Monocular Cues
Light and Shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes. Given two identical objects,
the dimmer one seems further away.
From
“Perceiving S
hape From
Shading” by V
ilayaur S
. Ram
achandran. © 1988 by S
cientific Am
erican, Inc. A
ll rights reserved.