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1. Organisms obtain energy from food 2. Glucose is main source of food for cells 3. Cells break...
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Transcript of 1. Organisms obtain energy from food 2. Glucose is main source of food for cells 3. Cells break...
1. Organisms obtain energy from food 2. Glucose is main source of food for cells 3. Cells break chemical bonds of glucose;
energy released
Slide # 2
Go to Section:
Cells Need Energy
Cellular Respiration
If cellular respiration took place in just one step: All of the energy would be released at once Most would be lost in the form of light and heat.
Instead, a living cell has to release chemical energy in food molecules a little bit at a time. Must trap those little bits of energy by using
them to make ATP.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration - Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Cellular Respiration
Requires (Reactants):1. Glucose
2. Oxygen
Gives Off (Products):3. Water
4. Carbon Dioxide
5. Energy
3 Stages of Cellular Respiration
1. Glycolysis2. Krebs Cycle3. Electron Transport
Chain
Each stage captures some of the chemical energy available in food molecules and uses it to produce ATP.
First Stage: Glycolysis
Glycolysis –A molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid. Occurs in the cytoplasm Does not require oxygen (anaerobic)
1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic Acid
C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C
Glycolysis Glucose C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
2 Pyruvic Acid C-C-C C-C-C
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
4 ATP2 NADH
2 NAD+TO THE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN
Products of Glycolysis
1. NET Gain 2 ATP (Major Energy molecule)
2. 2 NADH (Minor Energy molecule)
3. 2 Pyruvic Acid Molecules
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C78BMJ7D68I (Glucose – Sugar Sugar Song)
Second Stage: Fermentation or Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis can be followed by fermentation or the Krebs cycle depending if oxygen is present. Fermentation will occur if no oxygen is
present. Krebs Cycle will occur if oxygen is
present.
Second Stage: Fermentation
Fermentation - Releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic - Does not require oxygen Occurs in the cytoplasm (cytosol)
Alcoholic Fermentation Produces:
1. Ethyl alcohol 2. Carbon dioxide
Examples: Used to produce beer and wine Causes bread dough to rise
Carried out by yeasts and a few other microorganisms
Lactic Acid Fermentation Produces:
1. Lactic Acid Examples:
Produced in your muscles during rapid exercise Buildup of lactic acid causes a painful, burning
sensation…why muscles feel sore Used in production of cheese, sour cream, yogurt,
and pickles. Carried out by animals and some unicellular
prokaryotes (bacteria).
At the End of Glycolysis
90% of the chemical energy that was available in glucose is still unused Locked in the high-energy electrons of pyruvic
acid Oxygen is required for the final steps of
cellular respiration. Oxygen is the world's most powerful electron
acceptor. Therefore, cellular respiration is aerobic
(requires oxygen).
Second Stage: Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle - Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.
Occurs in the mitochondrion.
Krebs Cycle
Starts: Pyruvic Acid Produces: Carbon Dioxide
Source of all the carbon dioxide in your breath. Energy Tally - Each Molecule of Pyruvic Acid
Produces: 1 ATP (and NADH/FADH2) All energy molecules!
Third Stage: Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.
Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor.
Occurs in the mitochondrion.
ATP Glycolysis: 2 ATP
molecules per glucose molecule Needs 2 ATP (Investment) Produces 4 ATP Net gain of 2 ATP
molecules. Krebs Cycle and Electron
Transport: 34 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
Total = 36 ATP
Black eyed peas review respiration song
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aZrkdzrd04&feature=email
Exercise: Quick Energy
1. Muscles only contain enough ATP for a few seconds of intense activity
2. Then, muscle cells produce their ATP by lactic acid fermentation.
Lasts only about 90 seconds or about 200 - 300 meters.
Produces lactic acid, which requires oxygen debt (must repay after the race with plenty of heavy breathing).
Exercise: Long-Term Energy (Longer than 90 seconds)
Cellular Respiration is the only way to generate a continuing supply of ATP
Releases energy slowly (why athletes must pace themselves) Body stores energy in muscle and
other tissues in the form of the carbohydrate glycogen (usually enough to last for 15 - 20 min.)
After that, your body begins to break down other stored molecules, including fats, for energy
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in opposite directions!
Photosynthesis: Use light energy to build a sugar.
carbon dioxide + water + light energy → sugars + oxygen
Respiration: Break down sugar to release energy.
oxygen + sugars → carbon dioxide + water + energy
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Cellular Respiration Occurs In: All eukaryotes Some prokaryotes
Photosynthesis Occurs In: Plants Algae Some bacteria
F. Review
1. What is the source of carbon for cellular respiration?
Glucose (C6H
12O
6) is the carbon source.