1 OM3 Chapter 4 Operations Strategy © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be...

1OM3 Chapter 4 Operations Strategy© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

OPERATIONS STRATEGY

CHAPTER 4

DAVID A. COLLIER AND JAMES R. EVANS


CHAPTER 4 OPERATIONS STRATEGY

LO1 Explain how organizations seek to gaincompetitive advantage.

LO2 Explain approaches for understanding customer requirements.

LO3 Describe how customers evaluate goods and

services.

LO4 Explain the five key competitive priorities.

LO5 Explain the role of OM and operations strategy in strategic planning.

LO6 Describe Hill’s framework for operations strategy.



rival golf club equipment manufacturers TaylorMade and

Callaway are both based in Carlsbad, California. That’s about where the similarity ends. Callaway made clubs for average golfers, while TaylorMade took the clubs pro golfers were using and adjusted them to suit amateurs. Callaway focused on management and production efficiency while sticking to core product designs, much the way Ford built cars around a basic chassis. TaylorMade, however, was constantly reinventing its products lines, and in an industry that expected product cycles to last 18 months or longer, began releasing new drivers and irons in rapid-fire succession. Even new product launches show the difference between these companies: Callaway typically launched products with lengthy PowerPoint presentations, while TaylorMade turned them into huge pep rallies. TaylorMade’s strategy seems to have paid off; late in 2003 it overtook Callaway in market share for metalwoods.



What implications would the different strategies chosen by Callaway and TaylorMade— sticking to core product designs versus continual innovation—have for key operations management decisions such as outsourcing and designing flexibility into their processes?

What do you think?



Gaining Competitive Advantage

Competitive advantage denotes a firm’s ability to achieve market and financial superiority over its competitors.

Creating competitive advantage requires:

1. Understanding customer needs and expectations and how the value chain can best meet these through designing and delivering customer benefit packages.

2. Building and leveraging operational capabilities to support desired competitive priorities.



Understanding Customer Wants and Needs

•Order qualifiers are basic customer expectations generally considered the minimum performance level required to stay in business.

•Order winners are goods and service features and performance characteristics that differentiate one customer benefit package from another and win the customer’s business.



Evaluating Goods and Services

• Search attributes are those that a customer can determine prior to purchasing the goods and/or services.

• These attributes include things like color,

price, freshness, style, fit, feel, hardness, and smell.




• Experience attributes are those that can be discerned only after purchase or during consumption or use.

• Examples are friendliness, taste,

wearability, safety, fun, and customer satisfaction.




• Credence attributes are any aspects of a good or service that the customer must believe in, but cannot personally evaluate even after purchase and consumption.

• Examples would include the expertise of a surgeon or mechanic, the knowledge of a tax advisor, or the accuracy of tax preparation software.



Source: Adapted from V. A. Zeithamel, “How Consumer Evaluation Processes Differ Between Goods and Services,” in J. H. Donnelly and W. R. George, eds., Marketing in Services, published by the American Marketing Association, Chicago, 1981, pp. 186–199.

Exhibit 4.1 How Customers Evaluate Goods and Services



Customers evaluate services in ways that are often different from goods, such as:

These insights help to explain why it is more difficult to design services and service processes than goods and manufacturing operations.

• Customers seek and rely more on information from personal sources than from non-personal sources when evaluating services prior to purchase. Operations must ensure that accurate information is available.

• Customers perceive greater risks when buying services than when buying goods. Because services are intangible, customers cannot look at or touch them prior to the purchase decision.



• Cost• Quality• Time• Flexibility• Innovation

Competitive Priorities

Competitive priorities represent the strategic emphasis that a firm places on certain performance measures and operational capabilities within a value chain.

Key competitive priorities are:



Competitive Priority – Cost

• Almost every industry has a low price market segment. Examples include Honda Motor Co., Marriott's Fairfield Inns, Merck-Medco On-line Pharmacy, Southwest Airlines, and Walmart.

• Low cost results from high productivity, high capacity utilization, and economies of scale. Continuous improvement is essential to achieve a low-cost competitive advantage.



Competitive Priority – Quality

PIMS Associates, Inc., a subsidiary of the Strategic Planning

Institute, found that:• Businesses offering premium quality goods usually

have large market shares and were early entrants into their markets.

• Quality is positively and significantly related to a higher return on investment for almost all kinds of market situations.

• A strategy of quality improvement usually leads to increased market share, but at a cost in terms of reduced short-run profitability.

• High goods quality producers can usually charge premium prices.



Exhibit 4.2 Interlinking Quality and Profitability Performance



Competitive Priority – Time

• Time is perhaps the most important source of competitive advantage.

• Customers demand quick response, short waiting times, and consistency in performance.

• Many firms use time as a competitive weapon to create and deliver superior goods and services, such as Charles Schwab, CNN, Dell, and FedEx.



Competitive Priority – Time

• Speeding up work processes improves customer response. Deliveries can be made faster, and more often on-time.

• Time reductions can only be accomplished

only by streamlining and simplifying processes and value chains to eliminate non-value-added steps such as rework and waiting time.

• Time reductions also drive improvements in quality, cost, and productivity.



Competitive Priority – Flexibility

• Success in global markets requires both design and demand flexibility. Flexibility is manifest in mass customization strategies.

• Mass customization is being able to make whatever goods and services the customer wants, at any volume, at any time for anybody, and for a global organization, from any place in the world.



Competitive Priority – Flexibility

Examples: • Sign-tic company signs that are uniquely designed

for each customer from a standard base sign structure

• Business consulting• Levi’s jeans that are cut to exact measurements• Personal Web pages• Estate planning• Motorola pagers customized in different colors,

sizes, and shapes• Personal weight training programs• Modular furniture that customers can configure to

their unique needs and tastes



Competitive Priority – Innovation

• Innovation is the discovery and practical application or commercialization of a device, method, or idea that differs from existing norms.

• Innovative companies focus on outstanding product research, design, and development; high product quality; and the ability to modify production facilities to produce new products frequently.



Solved Problem

Define the customer benefit package for a health club or recreation center and use this to describe the organization’s strategic mission, strategy, competitive priorities, and how it wins customers.



HealthyMind and

Body

Food

Personal Trainer

Massage Services

Diet and Nutrition

Exercise Classes

Child Care

SwimLessons

Strategy: We strive to provide our customers with superior: •Ways to improve and maintain your body and mind’s health and well-being.•Friendly professional staff that care about you.•Clean facilities, equipment, uniforms, parking lot, food service, and the like.•Customer convenience (location, food, communication, schedules, etc.).

Example Solution

Mission: The mission of our health club is to offer many pathways to a healthy living style and body.



Competitive Priorities: 1. Many pathways to healthy living and a healthy

body (design flexibility) 2. Friendly professional staff and service encounters

(service quality) 3. Everything is super-clean (goods and

environmental quality) 4. Customer convenience in all respects (time) 5. Price (cost)

How to win customers? Providing a full service health club with superior service, staff, and facilities.

Example Solution (continued)



Strategic Planning

• Strategy is a pattern or plan that integrates an organization’s major goals, policies, and action sequences into a cohesive whole.

• Effective strategies develop around a few key competitive priorities, such as low cost or fast service time, which provide a focus for the entire organization and exploit an organization’s core competencies (the strengths unique to that organization).



Strategic Planning

• Strategic planning is the process of determining long-term goals, policies, and plans for an organization.

• The businesses in which the firm will participate are often called strategic business units (SBUs), and are usually defined as families of goods or services having similar characteristics or methods of creation.

• Strategy is the result of a series of hierarchical decisions about goals, directions, and resources.



Three Levels of Strategy

1.A corporate strategy is necessary to define the businesses in which the corporation will participate and develop plans for the acquisition and allocation of resources among those businesses. 2.A business strategy defines the focus for SBUs. The major decisions involve which markets to pursue and how best to compete in those markets; that is, what competitive priorities the firm should pursue.3.A functional strategy is the set of decisions that each functional area—marketing, finance, operations, research and development, engineering, and so on—develops to support its particular business strategy.



Operations Strategy

• The operations strategy defines how an organization will execute its chosen business strategies.

• Developing an operations strategy involves translating competitive priorities into operational capabilities by making a variety of choices and trade-offs for design and operating decisions.



Pal’s Sudden Service

Vision—To be the preferred quick service restaurant in our market achieving the largest market share by providing:

What kind of an operations strategy might Pal’s have? How can operations help achieve this vision?

• The quickest, friendliest, most accurate service available

• A focused menu that delights customers• Daily excellence in product, service, and systems

execution• Clean, organized, sanitary facilities• Exceptional value



Sustainability and Operations Strategy

•Sustainability is an organizational strategy in many firms and requires major changes in the culture of an organization.

•Many companies pursue sustainability through their operations.

− Example: Dell, Inc. Design for Environment initiative to control raw material acquisition, manufacturing processes, and distribution programs while linking green policies with consumer use and disposal.



A Framework for Operations Strategy

Operations design choices are the decisions management must make as to what type of process structure is best suited to produce goods or create services. • Types of processes and alternative designs• Supply chain integration and outsourcing• Technology• Capacity and facilities (size, timing,

location)• Inventory• Trade-off analysis



A Framework for Operations Strategy

Infrastructure focuses on the nonprocess features and capabilities of the organization and includes the workforce, operating plans and control systems, quality control, organizational structure, compensation systems, learning and innovation systems, and support services.



Source: T. Hill, Manufacturing Strategy: Text and Cases, 2nd ed., Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin Publishers, 1994, p. 28

Exhibit 4.3 Hill’s Strategy Development Framework



Exhibit 4.4 Four Key Decision Loops in Terry Hill’s Generic Strategy Framework



Operations Strategy at McDonald’s

• McDonald's vision is to be the world's best quick service restaurant experience. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness, and value, so that we make every customer in every restaurant smile. To achieve our vision, we focus on three worldwide strategies:

(1) Be the Best Employer(2) Deliver Operational Excellence(3) Achieve Enduring Profitable Growth



Operations Strategy at McDonald’s

Four sustainability initiatives:• Build a sustainable McDonald’s that involves

all facets of our business.• Commit to a three-pronged approach—reduce,

reuse, and recycle.• Strive to provide eco-friendly workplaces and

restaurants.• Work with suppliers and outside experts to

continuously improve purchasing decisions and evaluation of supplier performance regarding animal welfare.



Exhibit 4.5 McDonald’s Customer Benefit Package



Exhibit 4.6 Applying Hill’s Strategy Development Framework to McDonald’s (slide 1)



Exhibit 4.6 Applying Hill’s Strategy Development Framework to McDonald’s (slide 2)



Sustainable Lawn Care Case Study1. Define Lawn Care’s current strategic mission, strategy,

competitive priorities, value chain, and how it wins customers. What are the order qualifiers and winners? Draw the major stages of the value chain with and without an application service.

2. What problems, if any, do you see with Lawn Care’s current strategy, vision, customer benefit package and value chain design, and pre- and postservices?

3. Redo questions (1) and (2) and provide a new or revised strategy and associated customer benefit package and value chain that is more appropriate for today’s marketplace. What does operations have to be good at to successfully execute your revised strategy?

4. What are your final recommendations?

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