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Object Modeling Crash Course
Object Analysis
– Classification
– Identifying Object Relationships, Attributes, and Methods
Class Diagrams
Agenda
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Object Modeling Crash Course
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Basic Object Concepts
Attributes and Methods
Objects vs. Classes
Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism
Relationships
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What is an object?
The term object was first formally utilized in the Simula language to simulate some aspect of reality.
An object is an entity.
– It knows things (has attributes)
– It does things (provides services or has methods)
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Attributes
Objects know things
I am an Employee. I know my name, social security number and my address.
I am a Car.I know my color, manufacturer, cost, owner and model.
I am a Fish. I know my date of arrival andexpiration.
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Methods
Objects do things
I know how to computemy payroll.
I know how to stop.
I know how to cook myself.
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What is an object?
Attributes or properties describe object’s state (data) and methods define its behavior.
Object is whatever the information system wants to talk about.
– For example, Parts and assemblies might be objects of bill of material application.
– Stocks and bonds might be objects of financial investment applications.
In an object-oriented system, everything is an object: numbers, arrays, records, fields, files, forms, an invoice, etc.
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Two Basic Questions of OO Analysis and Design
When developing an OO information system, two basic questions always arise.
– What objects does the application need?
– What functionality should those objects have?
Object Analysis
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Objects and Classes
The role of a class is to define the attributes and methods (the state and behavior) of its instances.
The class car, for example, defines the property color.
Each individual car (object) will have a value for this property, such as "maroon," "yellow" or "white."
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A Class is an Object Template, or an Object Factory.
Boeing Factory(Boeing Class)
Boeing Airplane Objects(Boeing Instances)
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Class Hierarchy
An object-oriented system organizes classes into subclass-super hierarchy.
At the top of the hierarchy are the most general classes and at the bottom are the most specific
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Class Hierarchy (Cont’d)
A subclass inherits all of the properties and methods (procedures) defined in its superclass.
Motor Vehicle
Truck CarBus
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Inheritance
Inheritance is a relationship between classes where one class is the parent class of another (derived) class.
Inheritance allows classes to share and reuse behaviors and attributes.
The real advantage of inheritance is that we can build upon what we already have and, reuse what we already have.
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Inheritance (Cont’d)
Ford
Vehicle
Car
Mustang Taurus Thunderbird
stop (myMustang)
I don’t know how to stop
I know how to stopstop method is reusable
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Multiple Inheritance
OO systems permit a class to inherit from more than one superclass.
This kind of inheritance is referred to as multiple inheritance.
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Multiple Inheritance (Cont’d)
For example utility vehicle inherits from Car and Truck classes.
MotorVehicle
Truck Car Bus
UtilityVehicle
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Encapsulation and Information Hiding
Information hiding is a principle of hiding internal data and procedures of an object.
– Reveal as little as possible about its inner workings.
– Encapsulation protects the data from corruption.
Public Protocol
Messages
Data
Permissible operations
Private Protocol
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Polymorphism
Polymorphism means that the same operation may behave differently on different classes.
Example: computePayroll
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Polymorphism – computePayroll
1. Managers: Receive a regular salary
2. Office Workers: Receive an hourly wage and are eligible for overtime after 40 hours
3. Production Workers: Are paid according to a piece rate
Employee
OfficeWorker Manager ProductionWorker
nameaddresssalarySS#
dataEntryComputePayrollprintReport
dataEntryComputePayrollprintReport
dataEntryComputePayrollprintReport
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Associations
The concept of association represents relationships between objects and classes.
For example a pilot can fly planes.
Pilot Planescan fly flown by
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Clients and Servers
A special form of association is a client-server relationship.
This relationship can be viewed as one-way interaction: one object (client) requests the service of another object (server).
PrintServer ItemRequest for printing
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Object Analysis
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Object Analysis = Classification / Generalization
Classification and Generalization is Difficult
– God is Love
– Love is blind
– Ray Charles is blind
– ergo...
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Identifying Classes
1. Noun phrase approach.
2. Common class patterns approach.
3. Use Case driven approach.
4. Class Responsibilities Collaboration (CRC) approach.
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1. Noun Phrase Approach
Using this method, read through the Use cases, interviews, and requirements specification carefully, looking for noun phrases.
It is safe to scrap the Irrelevant Classes.
Formulate a statement of purpose for each candidate class; if it’s not possible, simply eliminate it.
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Guidelines For Identifying Classes
Look for nouns and noun phrases in the problem statement.
Some classes are implicit or taken from general knowledge.
All classes must make sense in the application domain.
Avoid computer implementation classes, defer it to the design stage.
Carefully choose and define class names.
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Guidelines For Refining Classes
Redundant Classes:
– Do not keep two classes that express the same information.
– If more than one word is being used to describe the same idea, select the one that is the most meaningful in the context of the system.
Adjective Classes:
– Does the object represented by the noun behave differently when the adjective is applied to it?
– If the use of the adjective signals that the behavior of the object is different, then make a new class.
– For example, If Adult Membership and Youth Membership behave differently, than they should be classified as different classes.
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Guidelines For Refining Classes (Cont’d)
Attribute Classes:
– Tentative objects which are used only as values should be defined or restated as attributes and not as a class.
– For example the demographics of Membership are not classes but attributes of the Membership class.
Irrelevant Classes:
– Each class must have a purpose and every class should be clearly defined and necessary.
– If you cannot come up with a statement of purpose, simply eliminate the candidate class.
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2. Common Class Patterns Approach
This approach is based on the knowledge-base of the common classes that have been proposed by various researchers.
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Candidate Classes
Events
– These are points in time that must be recorded and remembered.
– Things happen, usually to something else, at a given date and time, or as a step in an ordered sequence.
– For example order which is an event that must be remembered.
Organization
– The organizational units that people belong to.
– For example, accounting department might be considered as a potential class.
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Candidate Classes (II)
People and Person (Roles and Roles Played)
– The different roles users play in interacting with the application.
– Two Types of People (Coad and Yourdon):
– Users of the system– E.g., Operator, Clerk
– Those who do not use the system but about whom information is kept.
– E.g., Client, Employee
Places
– Physical locations, such as buildings, stores, sites or offices that the system must keep information about.
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Candidate Classes (III)
Tangible Things and Devices
– Physical objects, or group of objects, that are tangible, and devices with which the application interacts.
– E.g., Cars, ATM
Concepts
– Concepts are principles or ideas not tangible but used to organize or keep track of business activities and/or communications.
– E.g., Order, LineItem
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3. Use Case Driven Approach
Once the system has been described in terms of its scenarios, examine the textual description or steps of each scenario to determine what objects are needed for the scenario to occur.
To identify objects of a system and their behaviors, the lowest level of executable use cases is further analyzed with a sequence and collaboration diagram pair.
By walking through the steps, you can determine what objects are necessary for the scenario to take place.
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Sequence Diagram – Example
Client ATMMachine BankClient
Bad PIN Number
Bad PIN NumberMessage
Eject ATM card
Request take card
Take card
Display main screen
Verify PIN Number
Request PIN number
Request PIN
Insert ATM card
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ATM Machine:Definition
Checking Account
Account Bank Client
5: Process Transaction
8: Transaction succeed
4: Enter Amount
13: Terminate
1: Request Kind
2: Enter Kind
3: Request Amount
9: Dispense Cash
10: Request Take Cash
11: Take Cash12: Request Continuation
14: Print Receipt
7: Withdraw Successful 6: Withdraw Checking Account
Collaboration Diagram – Example
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3. CRC Cards Approach
CRC stands for Class, Responsibilities and Collaborators developed by Cunningham, Wilkerson and Beck.
CRC can be used for identifying classes and their responsibilities.
Process of the CRC Technique
IdentifyClasses
Responsibility
IdentifyClasses
Responsibility
AssignResponsibility
AssignResponsibility
IdentifyCollaboration
IdentifyCollaboration
Iterate
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Collaborations
An object can accomplish either a certain responsibility itself, or it may require the assistance of other objects.
If it requires an assistance of other objects, it must collaborate with those objects to fulfill its responsibility.
CRC Cards:
– CRC cards are 4" x 6" index cards. All the information for an object is written on a card.
ClassName
Responsibilities Collaborators
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CRC Cards – Example
Order
Check if items in stock OrderLine
Determine Price OrderLine
Check for valid payment Customer
Dispatch to delivery address
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CRC Cards Process (Cont’d)
CRC starts with only one or two obvious cards.
If the situation calls for a responsibility not already covered by one of the objects:
– Add, or
– Create a new object to address that responsibility.
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Object Modeling Issues – Naming Classes
Guidelines
– The class should describe a single object, so it should be the singular form of noun.
– Use names that the users are comfortable with.
– The name of a class should reflect its intrinsic nature.
– By the convention, the class name must begin with an upper case letter.
– For compound words, capitalize the first letter of each word
– E.g., LoanWindow.
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Object Modeling – Summary
Finding classes is not easy.
The more practice you have, the better you get at identifying classes.
There is no such thing as the “right set of classes.”
Finding classes is an incremental and iterative process.
Unless you are starting with a lot of domain knowledge, you are probably missing more classes than you will eliminate.
Naming a class is also an important activity.
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Class Diagram
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Different Perspectives
Class diagrams can be used in a number of ways:
– Conceptual – You draw a class diagram of elements under study
– Specification – You develop an programming interface
– Implementation – You give guidance to an programmer
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The Class
MyClass
Attribute1Attribute2
Method1Method2(Integer)Method3():String
Class Name
Attributes
Operations
ParameterReturn Value
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Associations
Order
Order Line
*
1
{if customer.creditRating=0 then isPrepaid must = true}
Line items
Multiplicity: many valued
Multiplicity: required Multiplicity: optional
Customer* 0..1
Role Name
Association
Constraint
Navigability
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Associations
Conceptual perspective
– Conceptual relationships between classes
Specification perspective
– Class responsibilities
– Interfaces
Implementation perspective
– Pointers
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Associations
Each Association:
– Involves two classes
– Has two roles
– Has two multiplicities (one for each role)
– 0..1, 0..*, 1, 1..*, *
– Can have zero, one, or two navigability indicators – indicates one-way dependency
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Attributes
Attributes describe a possible state of a class
Similar to Associations
– But,
– One way navigability (from Class to Attribute)
– Usually for single valued simple classes (e.g., strings, dates, integer, double)
Syntax:
– visibility name: type = defaultValue
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Operations
Operations describe possible methods in a class
Syntax:
– visibility name (parameter-list): return-type-expression {property-
string}
Query vs. Modifier operations
– Get Methods
– Set Methods
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Associations: Generalization
Customer
PersonalCustomer
CorporateCustomer
Generalization
Inheritance is also called generalization
Passes the “is a” test
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Constraint Rules
Syntax:
– Not formal
– {constraint-statement}
Assertions
– Pre-condition
– Post-condition
– Invariants
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Class DiagramAdvanced Concepts
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Stereotypes
Stereotypes are a high-level classification of an object.
Not an ancestor, but rather a set of attributes that many objects share.
Indicated using the following convention: <<stereotype>>
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Multiple and Dynamic Classification
Multiple classification -- multiple subtypes
Dynamic classification -- allows change
Person{abstract}
Male Female Employee
Sex{complete}
Job
Male Female
Programmer
Sex{complete}
Job <<dynamic>>
Manager
Person{abstract}Abstract Class
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Aggregation and Composition
Aggregation -- when the purpose of a class is to collect instances of other classes.
Composition -- Aggregation with dependency on the whole -- 2 alternative drawings:
Polygon
Point
Style
colorisFilled
Circle
radius
3..*
{ordered}
1
11
* *
Composition
Aggregation
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Composition
Alternative Notation
Style
colorisFilled
Circle
radius 1
Point
Polygon
radius{ordered} 3..*
Point
* *
1 1
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Derived Associations and Attributes
Derived associations and attributes are not explicit but rather derived
Noted by using a “/”
Sale
/tax:Currency
Salesperson
/seller
Seller role is derived using seller.territory
Derived Role
Derived Attribute
Note
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Qualified Associations
Constraints on the association
ProductOrderOrderLine
amount:Number
0..1
LineItem
OrderOrderLine
amount:Number
0..*
LineItem
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Association Classes
Just as with associative tables in databases, associative classes resolve many-to-many relationships
Person Department
Employmentperiod:dateRange
* *
Association Indicator