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Transcript of 1 Notes: - - Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class...
1
Notes:
- Syllabus
Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351
Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH
Class Question
Website: http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/pavek/
- Questionnaires
- Class Pictures
22
“The Development of Neuropsychology”
Human Neuropsychology (486 / 686)
Lecture Chapter 1
.
33
Overview
- What is Neuropsychology?- Human Brain- Divisions of the Nervous System- The Brain Hypothesis- The Neuron Hypothesis
44
What is Neuropsychology?Neuropsychology
- Scientific study of the relationship between behavior and the brain
- Draws from many disciplines, including anatomy, biology, pharmacology, and philosophy
- Experimental results from neuropsychological investigations can be used to identify traumatic brain injury impairments and vice versa
5
What is Neuropsychology?
Two ideas that influence experimental and theoretical investigations of brain function
The Brain Hypothesis:-The brain is the source of
behavior
The Neuron Hypothesis:- The unit of brain structure and
function is the neuron
6
The Human Brain
What is the brain? Brain = Old English word for tissue inside the
skull
Inner hollow tube filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Outer layer of wrinkled tissue known as cerebral cortex
Composed of two symmetrical hemispheres, the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere
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The Human Brain
Three Major Divisions of CNSForebrain
Cerebral Cortex
Performs higher functions like thinking, perception and planning
BrainstemUnderlying tube
Performs regulatory and movement producing functions
Spinal CordConnected to brainstem and descends down the back
Performs regulatory and movement producing functions
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Features of the Cortex
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Features of the Cortex
GyriFolds of the cortex
SucliCreases between the
folds
* Large sulci = fissuresExamples: Longitudinal
Fissure and Lateral Fissure
Four Lobes:- Frontal
- Temporal
- Parietal
- Occipital
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Divisions of the Human Nervous System
11
The Brain HypothesisWhat is behavior?
“Patterns in time”Movement of an organism
- cause & function (purposeful?)- complexity & flexibility
How is behavior produced? Brain vs Heart Brain Hypothesis - Alcmaeon of Croton Cardiac Hypothesis - Empedocles of Acragas
Current neuropsychology accepts the brain hypothesis
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Perspectives on Brain and Behavior
Aristotle* and Mind Descartes* and
Dualism Descartes’s Legacy Darwin* and
Materialism Darwin’s Legacy
Natural selection Linking Brain
Function to Brain Disease
13
Donald Hebb: “Modern psychology takes completely for granted that behavior and neural function are completely correlated, that one is completely caused by the other. There is no separate soul or life force to stick a finger into the brain now and then and make neural cells do what they would not otherwise. It is quite conceivable that some day the assumption will have to be rejected. But it is important also to see that we have not reached that day yet: the working assumption is a necessary one, and there is no real evidence to oppose it. One cannot logically be a determinist in physics and chemistry and biology, and a mystic in psychology.”
14
Experimental Approaches to Brain Function
Localization of Function - different parts of the brain perform different functions- Franz Josef Gall and
Johann Casper Spurzheim
• Phrenology
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Phrenology
ProblemsImpossible to define and quantify objectively
Features of the skull reveal little about the brainHistorical Importance
Laid foundation for modern localization of function
Phrenological map was the precursor for many maps of the brain
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Localization and Lateralization of Language
Paul Broca*- Broca’s Area: anterior speech region of the brain- Lateralization: Functions can be localized to one side
of the brain
Tan’s Lesion
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Sequential Programming
and Disconnection
Carl Wernicke*- Aphasic patients
different from Broca’s
- Wernicke’s Area - Posterior speech region, located in the temporal lobe
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Sequential Programming and Disconnection
Importance of Wernicke’s modelIdentified disconnection syndromes
Regions of the brain have different functions but still must interact to work correctly
Identified the left hemisphere as dominant for language
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Loss and Recovery of Function
Pierre FlourensRemoved areas of the cortex of
animal brains and studied resulting changes in behavior
FindingsNo specialization for areas of the cortex
Specialization for the brainstem
Findings refuted localization of function
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Hierarchical Organization and Distributed Systems in the Brain
Hierarchical OrganizationJohn Hughlings-Jackson*
Each successively higher level of the nervous system controls more complex aspects of behavior
DissolutionReverse of evolutionOccurs after damage to a higher levelBehavior becomes more simple
21
The Binding Problem H.M. (Henry Molaison)
The brain analyzes sensory events through multiple channels, yet we have a unified perception of our experiences
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The Split Brain
1960s Neurosurgeons began cutting the corpus
callosum to prevent the spread of seizuresRoger Sperry
Conducted neuropsychological evaluations on “split brain” patients to discover how the right and left hemispheres function
Nobel prize in 1981
23
Conscious and Unconscious Neural Streams
The case of D.F. Visual form agnosia
Inability to recognize objects by their shapes or see the shape of an object
Able to accurately reach for an objectOptic Ataxia
Can identify the shape of an object
Cannot accurately reach for an object
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Neural Streams
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The Neuron Hypothesis
• The unit of brain structure and function is the neuron
- Neurons are discrete
- Neurons send an electrical signal
- Neurons communicate with each other via a chemical signal, or a neurotransmitter
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Identifying the NeuronCamillo Golgi*
Proposed the Nerve Net Hypothesis
Santiago Ramón y Cajal* Proposed that
neurons were discrete
27
Nervous System Cells
NeuronsAcquire information, process
information, and act on information
Major parts include the cell body, dendrites, and axons
Glia Help neurons, hold them
togetherCarry out supportive
functions
28
Relating Electrical Activity in Neurons to Behavior
Luigi GalvaniDiscovered electrical
stimulation caused muscular contraction
Gustav Theodor Fristch and Eduard Hitzig Electrical stimulation of the
cortex in the rabbit and dog to induce movement
Discovered topographic organization in the cortex
29
Relating Electrical Activity in Neurons to Behavior
Roberts BartholowFirst to report electrical
stimulation of human cortex in a conscious person
Modern ApproachTranscranial magnetic
stimulation (TMS)
30
Connections Between Neurons As the Basis of Learning
Alan Hodgkin and Andrew HuxleyNobel prize in 1963 for discovery of the
electrical signals generated by neuronsCharles Scott Sherrington
First description of the synapseOtto Loewi
Discovered that chemicals carry the message across the synapse
31
Connections Between Neurons As the Basis of Learning
Donald Hebb*When cells are activated at the
same time they establish or strengthen the synapse
Hebb or plastic synapses
The brain is plastic and constantly changing
There is ongoing reorganization