1.) Name the two 1.) Name the two dental arches. dental arches.

Maxillary (Mx)Maxillary (Mx)Mandibular (Mn)Mandibular (Mn)

2.) Name the two 2.) Name the two sets of teeth for sets of teeth for

the human.the human.

Primary / Primary / DeciduousDeciduousPermanentPermanent

3.) When does the 3.) When does the Transitional or Transitional or

Mixed Dentition Mixed Dentition Period begin and Period begin and

end?end?

The Transitional The Transitional Dentition Period Dentition Period lasts from 6 to 12 lasts from 6 to 12

years of ageyears of ageThe Transitional or Mixed The Transitional or Mixed Dentition Period is defined by the Dentition Period is defined by the

presence of both Primary and presence of both Primary and Permanent teeth in the oral cavityPermanent teeth in the oral cavity

4.) Describe when 4.) Describe when the Deciduous the Deciduous

Dentition Period Dentition Period would end.would end.

The Deciduous The Deciduous Dentition Period Dentition Period ends when the ends when the

initial permanent initial permanent tooth erupts into tooth erupts into

the oral cavitythe oral cavityWhen the initial Permanent When the initial Permanent Mandibular First Molar erupts at Mandibular First Molar erupts at

approx. 6 years of ageapprox. 6 years of age

5.) In the dental 5.) In the dental formula, the letters formula, the letters

I, C, P, & M I, C, P, & M represent which represent which

teeth?teeth?

I = IncisorI = IncisorC = CanineC = Canine

P = PremolarP = PremolarM = MolarM = Molar

6.) What is the 6.) What is the dental formula for dental formula for

the deciduous the deciduous dentition?dentition?

I 2/2, C 1/1, M 2/2 x I 2/2, C 1/1, M 2/2 x 2 = 202 = 20

The dental formula for the The dental formula for the Primary / Deciduous Primary / Deciduous

DentitionDentition

7.) What is the 7.) What is the dental formula for dental formula for

the permanent the permanent dentition?dentition?

I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 x I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 x 2 = 322 = 32

The dental formula for the The dental formula for the permanent dentitionpermanent dentition

8.) Please 8.) Please annotate annotate

the the Dentition Dentition

to the right to the right using all 3 using all 3

systems systems presented presented in class.in class.

9.) Please 9.) Please annotate annotate

the the Dentition Dentition

to the right to the right using the using the

InternationInternational and al and

Universal Universal systems.systems.

10.) What tooth 10.) What tooth tissue covers the tissue covers the

crown of the tooth?crown of the tooth?

EnamelEnamel

is the tooth tissue that covers is the tooth tissue that covers the crown of the tooththe crown of the tooth

11.) What tooth 11.) What tooth tissue covers the tissue covers the root of the tooth?root of the tooth?

CementumCementum

is the tooth tissue that covers is the tooth tissue that covers the root of the tooththe root of the tooth

12.) What two 12.) What two terms can be used terms can be used

to describe the to describe the junction of these junction of these two tooth tissues?two tooth tissues?

Cemento-enamel Cemento-enamel Junction Junction

Cervical LineCervical LineThe Cemento-enamel Junction can The Cemento-enamel Junction can

be abbreviated be abbreviated

CEJCEJ

13.) Name the 13.) Name the other two tissues.other two tissues.

DentinDentinPulpPulp

The four tissues of the tooth:The four tissues of the tooth:EnamelEnamel

CementumCementumDentinDentinPulpPulp

14.) Name the 14.) Name the portion of the portion of the

Maxilla or Maxilla or Mandible which Mandible which

supports the teeth supports the teeth within the jaw and within the jaw and surrounds the root surrounds the root

of the tooth.of the tooth.

The Alveolar The Alveolar ProcessProcess

The Alveolus is the CAVITY or The Alveolus is the CAVITY or SOCKET SOCKET in the alveolar processin the alveolar process of the Mx and Mn in which the of the Mx and Mn in which the

root or roots of the teeth are fixedroot or roots of the teeth are fixed

15.) Name the 15.) Name the surface of the surface of the central incisor central incisor facing the lip.facing the lip.

Labial (La)Labial (La)

surfaces which face the lip on surfaces which face the lip on anterior teeth are called anterior teeth are called LabialLabial

surfaces, and can also be referred surfaces, and can also be referred to generically as to generically as FacialFacial surfaces surfaces

16.) Name the 16.) Name the surfaces of the surfaces of the

molars facing the molars facing the cheek.cheek.

Buccal (B)Buccal (B)

surfaces which face the cheek on surfaces which face the cheek on posterior teeth are called posterior teeth are called BuccalBuccal

surfaces, and can also be referred surfaces, and can also be referred to generically as to generically as FacialFacial surfaces surfaces

17.) Name the 17.) Name the surface of any surface of any

tooth which faces tooth which faces toward adjoining toward adjoining teeth in the same teeth in the same

dental arch.dental arch.

ProximalProximal

surfaces of the teeth which surfaces of the teeth which face adjoining teeth in the face adjoining teeth in the

same dental arch are same dental arch are generically called Proximal generically called Proximal

surfacessurfaces

18.) Name the 18.) Name the surface of the surface of the

tooth facing toward tooth facing toward the midline while the midline while

following the curve following the curve of the dental arch.of the dental arch.

Mesial (M)Mesial (M)

the surfaces of teeth which face the surfaces of teeth which face the midline while following the the midline while following the

curve of the dental arch are called curve of the dental arch are called MesialMesial surfaces surfaces

19.) Name the 19.) Name the surface of the surface of the

tooth facing away tooth facing away from the midline from the midline

while following the while following the curve of the dental curve of the dental

arch.arch.

Distal (D)Distal (D)

the surfaces of teeth which face the surfaces of teeth which face away from the midline while away from the midline while

following the curve of the dental following the curve of the dental arch are called arch are called DistalDistal surfaces surfaces

20.) Name the 20.) Name the surface of any surface of any

tooth that faces tooth that faces toward the tongue.toward the tongue.

Lingual (Li)Lingual (Li)

all teeth have a all teeth have a LingualLingual surface, it is the surface surface, it is the surface facing toward the tonguefacing toward the tongue

21.) Name the 21.) Name the teeth considered to teeth considered to be Anterior Teeth.be Anterior Teeth.

Central IncisorsCentral IncisorsLateral IncisorsLateral Incisors

CaninesCaninesthese three types of teeth in these three types of teeth in

both the Mx and Mn are both the Mx and Mn are considered to be Anterior considered to be Anterior

TeethTeeth

22.) Name the 22.) Name the teeth considered to teeth considered to be posterior teeth.be posterior teeth.

11stst Premolars Premolars22ndnd Premolars Premolars

11stst Molars Molars22ndnd Molars Molars33rdrd Molars Molars

these five types of teeth in both these five types of teeth in both the Mx and Mn are considered to the Mx and Mn are considered to

be Posterior Teethbe Posterior Teeth

23.) What is the 23.) What is the general term used general term used

to describe to describe quantitative quantitative

defectsdefects in enamel? in enamel?

Enamel Enamel HypoplasiaHypoplasia

the general term referring to the general term referring to all all quantitative defectsquantitative defects of of

enamelenamel

24.) What is the 24.) What is the general term used general term used

to describe to describe qualitative defectsqualitative defects

in enamel?in enamel?

HypocalcificationHypocalcification

the general term referring to the general term referring to all all qualitative defectsqualitative defects of of

enamelenamel

also referred to as Opacitiesalso referred to as Opacities

25.) What number 25.) What number of weeks in utero of weeks in utero does calcification does calcification normally begin?normally begin?

14 weeks in utero14 weeks in utero

at approximately at approximately 14 weeks in 14 weeks in uteroutero calcification has initiated calcification has initiated

for the Mx and Mn Central for the Mx and Mn Central Incisors of the Incisors of the Primary DentitionPrimary Dentition

26.) At what age 26.) At what age can the emergence can the emergence or eruption of the or eruption of the Primary Dentition Primary Dentition

usually be usually be observed?observed?

6 months6 months

the Primary Mn Central Incisor is the Primary Mn Central Incisor is usually the usually the first Deciduous toothfirst Deciduous tooth

to erupt into the oral cavity, it can to erupt into the oral cavity, it can erupt erupt

as early as as early as 6 months of age6 months of age

27.) At what age is 27.) At what age is the emergence or the emergence or

eruption of the eruption of the Primary Dentition Primary Dentition usually completed?usually completed?

30 months30 months

by 30 months (or by 30 months (or 2 ½ years2 ½ years) the ) the Primary (Deciduous) Dentition Primary (Deciduous) Dentition has usually completely erupted has usually completely erupted

into the oral cavityinto the oral cavity

28.) True or False.28.) True or False.Calcification of the Calcification of the Primary Dentition Primary Dentition

occurs both in occurs both in utero and utero and postnatal.postnatal.

TrueTrue

The first initiation of calcification of the The first initiation of calcification of the Primary Dentition begins at 14 weeks Primary Dentition begins at 14 weeks

in utero with the Deciduous Mn Central in utero with the Deciduous Mn Central Incisor, and the crowns are not fully Incisor, and the crowns are not fully completed in the Deciduous Mx 2completed in the Deciduous Mx 2ndnd

Molars until almost 30 months (or 2 ½ Molars until almost 30 months (or 2 ½ years) of ageyears) of age

29.) True or False.29.) True or False. Calcification of the Calcification of the

Permanent Permanent Dentition occurs Dentition occurs both in utero and both in utero and

postnatal.postnatal.

FalseFalse

the calcification of the the calcification of the Permanent Dentition does not Permanent Dentition does not begin until just after birth (at begin until just after birth (at

0 months of age)0 months of age)

30.) True or False.30.) True or False.Premature loss of Premature loss of Primary Teeth are Primary Teeth are of no significance.of no significance.

FalseFalse

premature loss of Primary Teeth can premature loss of Primary Teeth can lead to significant issues in the lead to significant issues in the

development and eruption of the development and eruption of the succedaneous teeth that follow, succedaneous teeth that follow,

especially with spacing and alignment especially with spacing and alignment issuesissues

31.) Where are the 31.) Where are the follicles of the follicles of the

developing developing Permanent teeth Permanent teeth found relative to found relative to the Primary tooth the Primary tooth

roots?roots?

Lingual (Li)Lingual (Li)

the developing tooth follicles of the developing tooth follicles of the succedaneous teeth are the succedaneous teeth are usually found Lingually and usually found Lingually and

Apically to their Apically to their Primary tooth predecessorsPrimary tooth predecessors

32.) Under normal 32.) Under normal conditions, what conditions, what

must happen to the must happen to the Primary Incisors Primary Incisors

before the before the Permanent Incisors Permanent Incisors can erupt into the can erupt into the

oral cavity?oral cavity?

ExfoliationExfoliation

the Primary Incisors must first the Primary Incisors must first ExfoliateExfoliate, or be shed from the oral , or be shed from the oral

cavity, before the Permanent cavity, before the Permanent Incisors Incisors

can erupt into the oral cavitycan erupt into the oral cavity

33.) What are the 33.) What are the four or more four or more

centers of centers of formation of a formation of a

given tooth called?given tooth called?

LobesLobes

the term used to describe the the term used to describe the morphological divisions of the morphological divisions of the

crown of a toothcrown of a tooth

34.) After these 34.) After these centers of centers of

formation coalesce, formation coalesce, signs of these signs of these

centers are still centers are still evident in the evident in the enamel of the enamel of the

teeth, what are teeth, what are these remnants on these remnants on the surface of the the surface of the

tooth called?tooth called?

Developmental Developmental GroovesGrooves

grooves on the tooth formed during grooves on the tooth formed during appositional growth of enamel, dentin, appositional growth of enamel, dentin,

and cementum, often referred to as and cementum, often referred to as those grooves that separate cusps on those grooves that separate cusps on

posterior teethposterior teeth

35.) What is the 35.) What is the connective tissue connective tissue organ of the tooth organ of the tooth

that consists of that consists of arteries, veins, arteries, veins,

lymphatic system, lymphatic system, and nerves?and nerves?

PulpPulp

the cellular, vascular, neural, and the cellular, vascular, neural, and connective tissue that fills the central connective tissue that fills the central

cavity of a toothcavity of a toothin development, the dental papilla in development, the dental papilla

becomes the dental pulp as the primary becomes the dental pulp as the primary dentin is laid downdentin is laid down

36.) What are the 36.) What are the four functions of four functions of

the Pulp?the Pulp?

Sensation (nerves)Sensation (nerves)Protection (sclerotic Protection (sclerotic

dentin)dentin)Production of DentinProduction of Dentin

Vascular Supply Vascular Supply (Nutrition)(Nutrition)

37.) True or False.37.) True or False.Illness or injury Illness or injury can effect the can effect the

development of a development of a tooth.tooth.

TrueTrueMulberry Molar – Congenital Syphilis – lumpy Mulberry Molar – Congenital Syphilis – lumpy

presentation, lots of little bumps/wrinklespresentation, lots of little bumps/wrinklesHutchinson Incisor – Congenital Syphilis – tapers Hutchinson Incisor – Congenital Syphilis – tapers

incisally, screwdriver shapedincisally, screwdriver shapedextended fever at the age of 12 months (1 year) will extended fever at the age of 12 months (1 year) will

effect the Calcification of the crowns of the effect the Calcification of the crowns of the Permanent 1Permanent 1stst Molars, Central Incisors, and Lateral Molars, Central Incisors, and Lateral

IncisorsIncisors

38.) True or False.38.) True or False.Primary or Primary or

Deciduous Molars Deciduous Molars are replaced by are replaced by

Permanent Molars Permanent Molars in the normal in the normal

exfoliation and exfoliation and eruption sequence.eruption sequence.

FalseFalse

the Permanent Molars are not the Permanent Molars are not succedaneous teeth – meaning that succedaneous teeth – meaning that

they do not succeed any other teeth in they do not succeed any other teeth in the Primary Dentitionthe Primary Dentition

the Primary Molars are succeeded by the Primary Molars are succeeded by the Permanent Premolars after their the Permanent Premolars after their

exfoliationexfoliation

39.) True or False.39.) True or False.Primary teeth do Primary teeth do

not have pulp not have pulp chambers.chambers.

FalseFalse

all teeth have pulp chambers, all teeth have pulp chambers,

and pulp canalsand pulp canals

40.) True or False.40.) True or False.The crests of The crests of convexity or convexity or

cervical ridges for cervical ridges for Primary teeth are Primary teeth are more prominent more prominent

than for the than for the Permanent teeth.Permanent teeth.

TrueTrue

41.) True or False.41.) True or False.All teeth develop All teeth develop from 4 or more from 4 or more

lobes.lobes.

TrueTrue

all human teeth develop from all human teeth develop from

at lest four lobesat lest four lobes

42.) True or False.42.) True or False.The outlines of all The outlines of all

teeth may be teeth may be represented by represented by trapezoids of trapezoids of

various dimensions various dimensions (when viewed from (when viewed from

the Fa or Li the Fa or Li aspect).aspect).

TrueTrue

43.) True or False.43.) True or False.The shortest of the The shortest of the

uneven sides of uneven sides of these trapezoids these trapezoids would represent would represent

the Incisal or the Incisal or Occlusal surface of Occlusal surface of

the teeth.the teeth.

FalseFalse

44.) Where can the 44.) Where can the Interdental Interdental

Papillae be found?Papillae be found?A)A) Posterior surface of the tonguePosterior surface of the tongue

B)B) On the Hard PalateOn the Hard PalateC)C) Cervical to the Proximal Cervical to the Proximal

ContactContactD)D) Adjacent to the Fovea Adjacent to the Fovea

PalatinaePalatinae

C) Cervical to C) Cervical to the Proximal the Proximal

ContactContactFilling the interdental void, or Filling the interdental void, or interproximate space of the interproximate space of the

cervical embrasure which lies cervical embrasure which lies cervical to the contact pointcervical to the contact point

45.) Name the 45.) Name the widest Anterior widest Anterior

tooth.tooth.

Permanent Permanent Maxillary Central Maxillary Central

IncisorIncisorthe widest Anterior tooth is the widest Anterior tooth is

the the

Permanent Maxillary Central Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor measuring 8.5 mm in Incisor measuring 8.5 mm in

M-D dimensionM-D dimension

46.) Name the 46.) Name the narrowest Anterior narrowest Anterior

tooth.tooth.

Deciduous Deciduous Mandibular Mandibular

Lateral IncisorLateral Incisorthe narrowest Anterior tooth is the narrowest Anterior tooth is

the Deciduous Mandibular Lateral the Deciduous Mandibular Lateral Incisor measuring just 4.1 mm in Incisor measuring just 4.1 mm in

M-D dimensionM-D dimension

47.) Which of the 47.) Which of the Incisor Class of Incisor Class of

teeth has the most teeth has the most prominent prominent

marginal ridges?marginal ridges?

Permanent Permanent Maxillary Lateral Maxillary Lateral

IncisorIncisorthe Incisor class tooth with the Incisor class tooth with

the most prominent marginal the most prominent marginal ridges is the Permanent ridges is the Permanent Maxillary Lateral IncisorMaxillary Lateral Incisor

48.) Which of the 48.) Which of the Incisor class of Incisor class of

teeth has the most teeth has the most well developed well developed

middle middle developmental developmental

lobe?lobe?

Permanent Permanent Maxillary Lateral Maxillary Lateral

IncisorIncisorthe Incisor class tooth with the the Incisor class tooth with the

most well developed middle most well developed middle developmental lobe is the developmental lobe is the

Permanent Maxillary Lateral Permanent Maxillary Lateral IncisorIncisor

49.) Name the set 49.) Name the set and arch of the and arch of the Incisor Class of Incisor Class of

teeth that exhibit teeth that exhibit poorly developed poorly developed marginal ridges marginal ridges

and a less and a less prominent prominent

Cingulum and Cingulum and Lingual Fossa.Lingual Fossa.

Permanent Permanent MandibularMandibularthe Permanent Mandibular the Permanent Mandibular

Incisors exhibit poorly developed Incisors exhibit poorly developed marginal ridges and a less marginal ridges and a less

prominent Cingulum and Lingual prominent Cingulum and Lingual FossaFossa

50.) Name the 50.) Name the tooth which when tooth which when viewed from the viewed from the

Labial (Facial) has Labial (Facial) has M and D crests of M and D crests of convexity that are convexity that are

found incisally found incisally placed in the placed in the

Incisal third of the Incisal third of the crown. crown.

Permanent Permanent Mandibular Mandibular

Central IncisorCentral IncisorThe proximal contacts on both the The proximal contacts on both the

Mesial and Distal when viewed from Mesial and Distal when viewed from the Labial (Facial) are found incisally in the Labial (Facial) are found incisally in

the Incisal third of the crown on the the Incisal third of the crown on the Permanent Mandibular Central IncisorPermanent Mandibular Central Incisor

51.) Which of the 51.) Which of the Incisal class of Incisal class of

teeth has a distinct teeth has a distinct twisting of the twisting of the incisal ridge incisal ridge

relative to the root relative to the root base of the tooth?base of the tooth?

Permanent Permanent Mandibular Mandibular

Lateral IncisorLateral Incisora prominent annotational feature a prominent annotational feature

of the Permanent Mandibular of the Permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisor is the distinct Lateral Incisor is the distinct

twist of the incisal ridge relative twist of the incisal ridge relative to the root baseto the root base

52.) Which class of 52.) Which class of Anterior teeth has a Anterior teeth has a cusp in addition to a cusp in addition to a cingulum, marginal cingulum, marginal

ridges, fossa, a single ridges, fossa, a single root with only one root with only one pulp canal (as the pulp canal (as the

most prevalent form) most prevalent form) and develops from and develops from four developmental four developmental

lobes?lobes?

Permanent Permanent CanineCanine

both the Mx and Mn Permanent Canine both the Mx and Mn Permanent Canine presents with a single cusp tip, a presents with a single cusp tip, a

cingulum, marginal ridges, fossa, a cingulum, marginal ridges, fossa, a single root with only one pulp canal (as single root with only one pulp canal (as the most prevalent form), and develops the most prevalent form), and develops

from four developmental lobesfrom four developmental lobes

53.) When viewed 53.) When viewed from the M and D from the M and D

aspects aspects (proximally) which (proximally) which

teeth most teeth most commonly have an commonly have an incisal ridge that is incisal ridge that is

slightly offset to slightly offset to the Lingual?the Lingual?

Permanent Permanent Mandibular Mandibular Incisors and Incisors and

CanineCanineboth the Permanent Mandibular both the Permanent Mandibular Central and Lateral Incisors as well as Central and Lateral Incisors as well as

the Permanent Mandibular Canine the Permanent Mandibular Canine present with an incisal ridge slightly present with an incisal ridge slightly

offset to the Lingual when viewed from offset to the Lingual when viewed from the M and Dthe M and D

54.) Which of the 54.) Which of the Maxillary Anterior Maxillary Anterior teeth has greater teeth has greater

Labiolingual Labiolingual dimension than dimension than

Mesiodistal Mesiodistal dimension?dimension?

Permanent Permanent Maxillary CanineMaxillary Canine

the Permanent Maxillary Canine the Permanent Maxillary Canine is the Maxillary Anterior tooth is the Maxillary Anterior tooth

with greater Labiolingual with greater Labiolingual dimension than Mesiodistal dimension than Mesiodistal

dimensiondimension

55.) How many 55.) How many cusp ridges are cusp ridges are

found in the found in the Maxillary Canine?Maxillary Canine?

TwoTwo

while every cusp theoretically has four while every cusp theoretically has four ridges when counting the Facial or ridges when counting the Facial or Lingual ridge and/or the triangular Lingual ridge and/or the triangular ridge along with the M and D cusp ridge along with the M and D cusp ridges, here the question is asking ridges, here the question is asking specifically for the number of “cusp specifically for the number of “cusp ridges” present on the Mx Canineridges” present on the Mx Canine

56.) How many 56.) How many marginal ridges marginal ridges are found on the are found on the

Mandibular Mandibular Canine?Canine?

TwoTwo

although they are not as although they are not as predominant as on the Maxillary predominant as on the Maxillary Canine, there are two marginal Canine, there are two marginal

ridges present on the Mandibular ridges present on the Mandibular CanineCanine

57.) There is a 57.) There is a ridge of enamel ridge of enamel found on the Li found on the Li

surface of the Mx surface of the Mx Canine running Canine running

from the cusp tip from the cusp tip to the cingulum, to the cingulum, name this ridge.name this ridge.

Lingual RidgeLingual Ridge

the ridge of enamel found on the the ridge of enamel found on the lingual surface of the Mx Canine lingual surface of the Mx Canine running from the cusp tip to the running from the cusp tip to the

cingulumcingulum

58.) What is the 58.) What is the longest tooth in longest tooth in

the human the human dentition, and how dentition, and how

long is it on long is it on average?average?

Permanent Permanent Maxillary Canine Maxillary Canine

= 27 mm= 27 mmthe longest tooth in the human the longest tooth in the human

dentition is the Permanent dentition is the Permanent Maxillary Canine, which averages Maxillary Canine, which averages

27 mm in overall length27 mm in overall length

59.) True or False.59.) True or False.A tooth root may A tooth root may

have multiple have multiple Apical Foramina.Apical Foramina.

TrueTrue

60.) True or False.60.) True or False.Incisors have Incisors have

multiple roots and multiple roots and multiple pulp multiple pulp

canals, more often canals, more often than not.than not.

FalseFalse

Incisors normally present Incisors normally present with a single root and a with a single root and a

single pulp canalsingle pulp canal

61.) True or False.61.) True or False.Mandibular Mandibular

Canines are more Canines are more likely to have two likely to have two pulp canals than pulp canals than

Maxillary Canines.Maxillary Canines.

TrueTrue

Mandibular Canines present with a Mandibular Canines present with a single canal 70% of the time, single canal 70% of the time,

20% have 2 canals, 1 foramen, and 1 20% have 2 canals, 1 foramen, and 1 rootroot

10% have 2 canals, 2 foramina10% have 2 canals, 2 foramina6% may have 2 canals, 2 foramina, and 6% may have 2 canals, 2 foramina, and

2 roots2 rootsMaxillary Canines present with a single Maxillary Canines present with a single

canal 100% of the timecanal 100% of the time

62.) Describe the 62.) Describe the location of the La location of the La and Li Crests of and Li Crests of Convexity when Convexity when viewed from the viewed from the proximal for all proximal for all anterior teeth.anterior teeth.

CervicalCervical

all anterior teeth have La and Li all anterior teeth have La and Li Crests of Convexity in the Crests of Convexity in the

Cervical third of their crowns Cervical third of their crowns when viewed from the proximalwhen viewed from the proximal

63.) Name the 63.) Name the ridges that along ridges that along with the incisal with the incisal ridge and the ridge and the

cingulum form or cingulum form or border the Lingual border the Lingual

Fossa of the Fossa of the permanent Mx permanent Mx Central Incisor.Central Incisor.

Mesial and Distal Mesial and Distal Marginal RidgesMarginal Ridges

form the border of the Li form the border of the Li Fossa on the Mx Central Fossa on the Mx Central

Incisor along with the Incisal Incisor along with the Incisal Ridge and the CingulumRidge and the Cingulum

64.) For the 64.) For the Permanent Mx Permanent Mx Lateral Incisor, Lateral Incisor,

when viewed from when viewed from the Fa, which the Fa, which

profile will more profile will more likely be convex?likely be convex?

DistalDistal

65.) Which 65.) Which Permanent Mx Permanent Mx Incisor is most Incisor is most

likely to have a Li likely to have a Li Pit?Pit?

Permanent Permanent Maxillary Lateral Maxillary Lateral

IncisorsIncisorsare the Permanent Mx Incisor are the Permanent Mx Incisor

most likely to have a Li Pitmost likely to have a Li Pit

66.) What 66.) What percentage of percentage of Permanent Mx Permanent Mx Lateral Incisors Lateral Incisors

have a bifurcated have a bifurcated root?root?

0%0%

100% of Permanent Mx Lateral 100% of Permanent Mx Lateral Incisors have a single pulp canal Incisors have a single pulp canal and root, while up to 10% exhibit and root, while up to 10% exhibit

lateral root canalslateral root canals

67.) Which 67.) Which Permanent Mx Permanent Mx

Incisor Type is the Incisor Type is the narrowest Mesio-narrowest Mesio-

distally?distally?

LateralLateral

Permanent Maxillary Lateral Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisors are the narrowest Incisors are the narrowest Maxillary Incisors Mesio-Maxillary Incisors Mesio-

distallydistally

68.) Which 68.) Which Permanent Mn Permanent Mn

Incisor Type is the Incisor Type is the narrowest Mesio-narrowest Mesio-

distally?distally?

CentralCentral

Permanent Mandibular Permanent Mandibular Central Incisors are the Central Incisors are the narrowest Mandibular narrowest Mandibular Incisors Mesio-distallyIncisors Mesio-distally

69.) List the time of 69.) List the time of eruption for the eruption for the following teeth:following teeth:

Permanent Mx Central Permanent Mx Central IncisorIncisor

Permanent Mn Central Permanent Mn Central IncisorIncisor

Permanent Mn First Permanent Mn First MolarMolar

Permanent Mn CaninePermanent Mn CaninePermanent Mx CaninePermanent Mx Canine

Permanent teeth eruption Permanent teeth eruption datesdates

Mx Central Incisor 7-8 Mx Central Incisor 7-8 yearsyears

Mn Central Incisor 6-7 Mn Central Incisor 6-7 yearsyears

Mn First Molar 6-7 yearsMn First Molar 6-7 yearsMn Canine 9-10 yearsMn Canine 9-10 yearsMx Canine 11-12 yearsMx Canine 11-12 years

70.) Name the 70.) Name the classes of teeth classes of teeth

that have occlusal that have occlusal surfaces.surfaces.

PremolarsPremolarsMolarsMolars

posterior teeth have occlusal posterior teeth have occlusal surfaces anterior teeth have surfaces anterior teeth have

incisal or cusp ridgesincisal or cusp ridges

71.) Name the 71.) Name the Classes of teeth Classes of teeth

that have Marginal that have Marginal Ridges and Fossae.Ridges and Fossae.

IncisorsIncisorsCaninesCanines

PremolarsPremolarsMolarsMolars

72.) Name the four 72.) Name the four major functions of major functions of

the Incisor and the Incisor and Canine classes of Canine classes of

teeth.teeth.

MasticationMasticationAestheticsAestheticsPhoneticsPhoneticsGuidanceGuidance

73.) Name the 73.) Name the ridges running ridges running

from the MBO or from the MBO or DBO point angles DBO point angles

toward the Lingual. toward the Lingual. These ridges form These ridges form

the M and D the M and D borders of the borders of the

occlusal table on occlusal table on Premolars and Premolars and

Molars.Molars.

Marginal RidgesMarginal Ridges

74.) Describe the 74.) Describe the location of the Li location of the Li crest of convexity crest of convexity

for the Mx 1for the Mx 1stst Premolar when Premolar when viewed from the viewed from the mesial aspect. mesial aspect.

Middle ThirdMiddle Third

the Li crest of convexity for the Li crest of convexity for the Mx 1the Mx 1stst Premolar when Premolar when

viewed from the Mesial is in viewed from the Mesial is in the middle thirdthe middle third

75.) Describe the 75.) Describe the location of the B location of the B crest of convexity crest of convexity

for the Mx 1for the Mx 1stst Premolar when Premolar when viewed from the viewed from the proximal aspect. proximal aspect.

Cervical ThirdCervical Third

the B crest of convexity for the B crest of convexity for the Mx 1the Mx 1stst Premolar when Premolar when

viewed from the Proximal is viewed from the Proximal is in the cervical thirdin the cervical third

76.) When viewed 76.) When viewed from the facial from the facial

which profile of the which profile of the Mx 1Mx 1stst Premolar Premolar will most likely will most likely

include a concavity include a concavity from proximal from proximal

contact to cervical contact to cervical line?line?

MesialMesial

77.) When viewed 77.) When viewed from the buccal from the buccal

which profile of the which profile of the Mx 1Mx 1stst Premolar Premolar

will most likely be will most likely be described as described as convex from convex from

proximal contact to proximal contact to cervical line?cervical line?

DistalDistal

78.) What is the 78.) What is the age of emergence age of emergence (eruption) for the (eruption) for the Mx 1Mx 1stst Premolar? Premolar?

10-11 years10-11 years

the Maxillary 1the Maxillary 1stst Premolar Premolar usually emerges (erupts) at usually emerges (erupts) at

approximately 10-11 years of approximately 10-11 years of ageage

79.) Which Mx 79.) Which Mx Premolar is likely Premolar is likely to present with a to present with a distinctive mesial distinctive mesial concavity in the concavity in the cervical third of cervical third of the tooth crown the tooth crown

and root?and root?

Maxillary 1Maxillary 1stst PremolarPremolar

commonly presents with a commonly presents with a distinctive mesial concavity distinctive mesial concavity on the cervical third of the on the cervical third of the

tooth crown and roottooth crown and root

80.) What 80.) What percentage of Mx percentage of Mx

11stst Premolars Premolars present with a present with a

bifurcated root?bifurcated root?

61%61%

of Mx 1of Mx 1stst Premolars present Premolars present with a bifurcated rootwith a bifurcated root

81.) Which Mx 81.) Which Mx Premolar Premolar

commonly presents commonly presents with a shorter with a shorter central groove, central groove,

more supplemental more supplemental grooves, wider grooves, wider

marginal ridges, marginal ridges, and broader line and broader line

angle concavities?angle concavities?

Mx 2Mx 2ndnd Premolar Premolar

the Mx 2the Mx 2ndnd Premolar commonly Premolar commonly presents with a shorter central groove, presents with a shorter central groove,

more supplemental grooves, wider more supplemental grooves, wider marginal ridges, and broader line angle marginal ridges, and broader line angle

concavities than the Mx 1concavities than the Mx 1stst Premolar Premolar

82.) How many 82.) How many roots are usually roots are usually found in the Mx found in the Mx versus the Mn versus the Mn Molars in the Molars in the

common common presentations?presentations?

Mx Molars = 3 Mx Molars = 3 rootsroots

Mn Molars = 2 Mn Molars = 2 rootsroots

83.) For the Mx 183.) For the Mx 1stst Molar, name the Molar, name the

characteristic characteristic feature formed by feature formed by the confluence of the confluence of

the triangular the triangular ridge of the DB ridge of the DB cusp with the D cusp with the D

cusp ridge of the cusp ridge of the MLi cusp.MLi cusp.

Oblique RidgeOblique Ridge

84.) For the Mx 184.) For the Mx 1stst Molar, describe the Molar, describe the

location of the location of the facial or buccal facial or buccal

crest of convexity crest of convexity when viewed from when viewed from

the mesial.the mesial.

Cervical ThirdCervical Third

85.) For the Mx 185.) For the Mx 1stst Molar, name the Molar, name the

groove that groove that extends from the extends from the

central groove and central groove and separates the MB separates the MB

and DB cusps and DB cusps terminating on the terminating on the

buccal surface.buccal surface.

Buccal Buccal Developmental Developmental

GrooveGroove

86.) For the Mx 186.) For the Mx 1stst Molar, describe the Molar, describe the

location of the location of the Lingual crest of Lingual crest of convexity when convexity when viewed from the viewed from the

proximal.proximal.

Middle ThirdMiddle Third

87.) For the Mx 187.) For the Mx 1stst Molar, when viewed Molar, when viewed

from the facial, from the facial, which profile will which profile will

most likely include most likely include a slight concavity, a slight concavity, and which profile and which profile will most likely be will most likely be convex, from crest convex, from crest

to cervical line?to cervical line?

Mesial Profile – Mesial Profile – concavityconcavity

Distal Profile – Distal Profile – convexconvexthe Mx 1the Mx 1stst Molar, when viewed from the Molar, when viewed from the

facial, will most likely include a slight facial, will most likely include a slight concavity on the mesial profile, and will concavity on the mesial profile, and will

most likely be convex on the distal most likely be convex on the distal profile, from crest to cervical lineprofile, from crest to cervical line

88.) From which 88.) From which arch would you arch would you

most likely find a most likely find a premolar with premolar with

three cusps and three cusps and one pulp canal?one pulp canal?

MandibularMandibular

The Mandibular 2The Mandibular 2ndnd Premolar Premolar is most likely to present with is most likely to present with three cusps and only a single three cusps and only a single

pulp canalpulp canal

89.) Which type of 89.) Which type of Mandibular Mandibular

Premolar has a Premolar has a Lingual cusp that Lingual cusp that is ½ to is ½ to 22//33 as long as long as the Bu cusp?as the Bu cusp?

Mandibular 1Mandibular 1stst PremolarPremolar

usually presents with a usually presents with a lingual cusp tip that is ½ to lingual cusp tip that is ½ to

22//3 3 as long as the Bu cuspas long as the Bu cusp

90.) Which Mx 90.) Which Mx Premolar has Premolar has

narrower marginal narrower marginal ridges when ridges when

compared to the compared to the other type in its other type in its

class?class?

Mx 1Mx 1stst Premolar Premolar

the Mx 1the Mx 1stst Premolar has Premolar has narrower marginal ridges narrower marginal ridges that the Mx 2that the Mx 2ndnd Premolar Premolar

91.) At what age 91.) At what age does the Mn 1does the Mn 1stst Premolar erupt?Premolar erupt?

10-12 years10-12 years

the Mn 1the Mn 1stst Premolar normally Premolar normally erupts into the oral cavity at erupts into the oral cavity at

10-12 years of age10-12 years of age

92.) At what age 92.) At what age does the Mn 2does the Mn 2ndnd Premolar erupt?Premolar erupt?

11-12 years11-12 years

the Mn 2the Mn 2ndnd Premolar normally Premolar normally erupts into the oral cavity at erupts into the oral cavity at

11-12 years of age11-12 years of age

93.) Name the 93.) Name the occlusal curve occlusal curve

which runs which runs laterally across the laterally across the arch, and helps to arch, and helps to explain the Bucco-explain the Bucco-lingual inclination lingual inclination of the Mx and Mn of the Mx and Mn Posterior teeth.Posterior teeth.

Curve of WilsonCurve of Wilson

the occlusal curve which runs the occlusal curve which runs laterally across the arch, and laterally across the arch, and

helps to explain the Bucco-lingual helps to explain the Bucco-lingual inclination of the Mx and Mn inclination of the Mx and Mn Posterior teeth is the Posterior teeth is the Curve of Curve of

WilsonWilson

94.) Name the 94.) Name the occlusal curve that occlusal curve that can be viewed from can be viewed from the lateral view of the lateral view of the skull and runs the skull and runs antero-posterior antero-posterior from the canine from the canine

cusp tip and along cusp tip and along the Bu cusps of the the Bu cusps of the

posterior teeth.posterior teeth.

Curve of SpeeCurve of Spee

the occlusal curve that can be viewed the occlusal curve that can be viewed from the lateral view of the skull and from the lateral view of the skull and runs antero-posterior from the canine runs antero-posterior from the canine cusp tip and along the Bu cusps of the cusp tip and along the Bu cusps of the

posterior teeth is the posterior teeth is the Curve of SpeeCurve of Spee

95.) List the three 95.) List the three terms that describe terms that describe

the different the different methods for loss of methods for loss of tooth structure (or tooth structure (or

wear of tooth wear of tooth structure).structure).

AttritionAttritionAbrasionAbrasionErosionErosion

AttritionAttrition – tooth to tooth wear which occurs – tooth to tooth wear which occurs normally, such as at the proximal contact pointsnormally, such as at the proximal contact pointsAbrasionAbrasion – wear induced by a third party, such – wear induced by a third party, such

as brushing and such induceas brushing and such induceErosionErosion – chemical removal of tooth structure, – chemical removal of tooth structure,

such as with tobacco usesuch as with tobacco use

96.) How many 96.) How many pulp canals are pulp canals are

most often found most often found for the Permanent for the Permanent Mx First Molar?Mx First Molar?

Four (4)Four (4)

Three canals = 41%Three canals = 41%

Four canals = 57%Four canals = 57%

Five canals = 2%Five canals = 2%

97.) Which root of 97.) Which root of the Permanent Mx the Permanent Mx 11stst Molar is most Molar is most

likely to have likely to have multiple pulp multiple pulp

canals?canals?

Mesio-buccal Mesio-buccal RootRoot

20% 1 canal, 1 foramen20% 1 canal, 1 foramen40% 40% 2 canals2 canals, 1 foramen, 1 foramen20% 20% 2 canals2 canals, 2 foramina, 2 foramina

(this = (this = 60%60% with 2 canals, and with 2 canals, and therefore 60% of Mx 1therefore 60% of Mx 1stst Molars have Molars have

four or more pulp canals)four or more pulp canals)

98.) How many 98.) How many pulp canals are pulp canals are most commonly most commonly

found for the Mn found for the Mn 11stst Molar? Molar?

Three (3)Three (3)100% of Mn 1100% of Mn 1stst Molars have at least 3 pulp canals Molars have at least 3 pulp canals

but only 2 rootsbut only 2 roots70% have three canals, two of which are in the 70% have three canals, two of which are in the

Mesial RootMesial Root30% have four canals, with two in each root30% have four canals, with two in each root

Frequency of canals in Mesial root –Frequency of canals in Mesial root –40% 2 canals, 1 foramen40% 2 canals, 1 foramen60% 2 canals, 2 foramina60% 2 canals, 2 foramina

Frequency of canals in Distal root – Frequency of canals in Distal root – 70% 1 canal, 1 foramen70% 1 canal, 1 foramen20% 2 canals, 1 foramen20% 2 canals, 1 foramen

10% 2 canals, 2 foramina (may show bifurcation)10% 2 canals, 2 foramina (may show bifurcation)

99.) Where can the 99.) Where can the Maxillary Maxillary

Tuberosity be Tuberosity be found?found?

Posterior to the Mx Posterior to the Mx 33rdrd Molar (or the Molar (or the

Mx 2Mx 2ndnd Molar if the Molar if the Mx 3Mx 3rdrd Molar was Molar was

extracted)extracted)

100.) Where can 100.) Where can the Retromolar Pad the Retromolar Pad

be found?be found?

Posterior to the Mn Posterior to the Mn 33rdrd Molar (or the Molar (or the

Mn 2Mn 2ndnd Molar if the Molar if the Mn 3Mn 3rdrd Molar was Molar was

extracted)extracted)

101.) What teeth in 101.) What teeth in the adult human the adult human

dentition are dentition are comprised of five comprised of five

lobes?lobes?

Mn 2Mn 2ndnd Premolar PremolarMn 1Mn 1stst Molar Molar

both the Mn 2both the Mn 2ndnd Premolar and the Premolar and the Mn 1Mn 1stst Molar develop from five Molar develop from five

lobeslobesthe rest of the teeth in the the rest of the teeth in the

permanent dentition develop from permanent dentition develop from four lobesfour lobes

102.) Name the 102.) Name the three types of three types of Oral Mucosa.Oral Mucosa.

MasticatoryMasticatoryLiningLining

SpecializedSpecializedOral Mucosa = the mucous membrane that Oral Mucosa = the mucous membrane that

lines the oral cavitylines the oral cavityMasticatoryMasticatory – gingiva is tightly held down – gingiva is tightly held down mucous membrane and fibrous connective mucous membrane and fibrous connective

tissue that covers the alveolar process tissue that covers the alveolar process LiningLining – not tightly held down – not tightly held down

SpecializedSpecialized – tissue covering the tongue – – tissue covering the tongue – papillae and taste budspapillae and taste buds

103.) What are the 103.) What are the five functions of five functions of

embrasures?embrasures?

Spillway for food materialsSpillway for food materials – reduces – reduces force on the teethforce on the teeth

Part of self-cleansing processPart of self-cleansing process of of the teeththe teeth

Stimulation of the pariodontiumStimulation of the pariodontiumAestheticsAesthetics – especially anterior – especially anterior

embrasuresembrasuresPrevent food impactionPrevent food impaction – contact – contact

areasareas

104.) What is the 104.) What is the name given to a name given to a

horizontal horizontal connection connection

between pulp between pulp canals?canals?

AnastomosisAnastomosis

a horizontal connection a horizontal connection between between

pulp canalspulp canals

105.) What is the 105.) What is the name given to the name given to the

entire central entire central space in the dentin space in the dentin

of a tooth which of a tooth which contains the pulp contains the pulp

tissues?tissues?

Pulp CavitiesPulp Cavities

the entire central space in the dentin of the entire central space in the dentin of a tooth which contains the pulp tissues a tooth which contains the pulp tissues

is called the pulp cavities, which are is called the pulp cavities, which are composed of the Pulp Chamber, Pulp composed of the Pulp Chamber, Pulp

Canal(s), Apical Foramen, Lateral Canal(s), Apical Foramen, Lateral (accessory) Canal(s), Supplemental (accessory) Canal(s), Supplemental

Canal, and Anastomosis’Canal, and Anastomosis’

106.) What 106.) What significant role do significant role do

the Fa and Li the Fa and Li heights of contour heights of contour

play?play?

The Fa and Li heights The Fa and Li heights of contour provide of contour provide

protection and protection and stimulation of the stimulation of the gingival tissue by gingival tissue by

deflecting food away deflecting food away from the tissuesfrom the tissues

107.) Which 107.) Which Permanent tooth is Permanent tooth is

most readily most readily identifiable by a identifiable by a

Mesio-buccal Mesio-buccal Cervical Cervical

Protrusion?Protrusion?

Mn 2Mn 2ndnd Molar Molar

is most readily identifiable by is most readily identifiable by a Mesio-buccal Cervical a Mesio-buccal Cervical

ProtrusionProtrusion

108.) Which 108.) Which anterior tooth is anterior tooth is

most likely to have most likely to have a bifurcated root?a bifurcated root?

Mn CanineMn Canine

Is the anterior tooth most Is the anterior tooth most likely to bifurcate, but still likely to bifurcate, but still only bifurcates 6% of the only bifurcates 6% of the

timetime

109.) What is the 109.) What is the primary function of primary function of

the soft palate?the soft palate?

to close off the to close off the nasal pharynxnasal pharynxthe primary function of the the primary function of the soft palate is to close off the soft palate is to close off the

nasal pharynxnasal pharynx

110.) What two 110.) What two structures combine structures combine

to create the to create the oblique ridge on oblique ridge on the Mx molars?the Mx molars?

The triangular The triangular ridge of the disto-ridge of the disto-buccal cusp and buccal cusp and the distal cusp the distal cusp

ridge of the Mesio-ridge of the Mesio-lingual cusplingual cuspconverge to create the converge to create the

oblique ridge of Mx Molarsoblique ridge of Mx Molars

111.) What trend is 111.) What trend is noticeable among noticeable among proximal contacts proximal contacts as you move from as you move from

anterior to anterior to posterior?posterior?

proximal contacts proximal contacts become larger and become larger and

are positioned are positioned more cervically and more cervically and

faciallyfaciallyas you move from anterior to as you move from anterior to

posteriorposterior

112.) 112.)