1 Morphology Chapter 7. 2 What is Morphology? What is a ‘word’? What is a ‘word’? Items...
-
Upload
elaine-cameron -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of 1 Morphology Chapter 7. 2 What is Morphology? What is a ‘word’? What is a ‘word’? Items...
1
MorphologyMorphology
Chapter 7Chapter 7
2
What is Morphology?What is Morphology? What is a ‘word’?What is a ‘word’? Items marked in black separated by Items marked in black separated by
spaces?spaces? What about the ‘thecatsatonthemat’?What about the ‘thecatsatonthemat’? In Swahili the form ‘In Swahili the form ‘nitakupendanitakupenda’ stands ’ stands
for what we might say in English ‘I will for what we might say in English ‘I will love you’?love you’?
What about the word ‘replayed’ and ‘play’?What about the word ‘replayed’ and ‘play’? The concept ‘word’ turns out to be a The concept ‘word’ turns out to be a
complex fuzzy category.complex fuzzy category. Depend on ‘Depend on ‘elementselements’ rather than ‘’ rather than ‘wordswords’’
3
DefinitionsDefinitions
MorphologyMorphology is the branch of is the branch of linguistics that studies the linguistics that studies the structure of words.structure of words.
= the study of how words are built= the study of how words are built = set of morphemes + the rules of = set of morphemes + the rules of
how they are combinedhow they are combined How words are put together out of How words are put together out of
smaller pieces smaller pieces morphemes morphemese.g. e.g. replayedreplayed consists of consists of re+play+edre+play+ed
4
MorphemeMorpheme
A minimal unit of meaning or A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical functiongrammatical function
Minimal= can’t be broken down any Minimal= can’t be broken down any further.further.
Meaning?Meaning? Grammatical function?Grammatical function?
renewable Tourists
re + new + able tour + ist + s
5
MorphemesMorphemes
A word that contains more than A word that contains more than one morpheme is a one morpheme is a morphologically complex wordmorphologically complex word
One morphemeOne morpheme is the basic one, the is the basic one, the core of the form core of the form root or stem root or stem
The add-ons bound morphemes are The add-ons bound morphemes are affixesaffixes
E.g. ‘E.g. ‘rerearrangarrangeded’’ ‘ ‘teachteachererss’’
6
Types of morphemesTypes of morphemes
Free vs. Bound morphemesFree vs. Bound morphemes
FreeFree BoundBound
Can stand alone as Can stand alone as separate wordsseparate words
Cannot occur on Cannot occur on their own as their own as separate wordsseparate words
Single morphemesSingle morphemes
e.g. e.g. hunt, kill, the, hunt, kill, the, play, child, bookplay, child, book..
AffixesAffixes
-s-s in dogs in dogs
-ness-ness in happiness in happiness
-ed-ed in walked in walked
7
Free MorphemesFree Morphemes Divided into : Divided into : Lexical morphemesLexical morphemes
vs. vs. Functional Morphemes.Functional Morphemes.Lexical morphemesLexical morphemes Functional Functional
morphemesmorphemes
a.k.a content words: a.k.a content words: carry the content of carry the content of the messagethe message
a.k.a function wordsa.k.a function words
Includes nouns, verbs, Includes nouns, verbs, adjective, adverbs adjective, adverbs such as, children, love, such as, children, love, beauty, play, singbeauty, play, sing
Include pronouns, Include pronouns, articles, conjunctions, articles, conjunctions, prepositions as, the, prepositions as, the, on, from, and, in, etc.on, from, and, in, etc.
Open class wordOpen class word Close class wordsClose class words
8
Bound MorphemesBound Morphemes
AffixationAffixation Prefix: An affix that is attached to Prefix: An affix that is attached to
the front of a base, e.g. re-play.the front of a base, e.g. re-play. Suffix: An affix that is attached to Suffix: An affix that is attached to
the end of a base, e.g. kind-ness.the end of a base, e.g. kind-ness. Infix: An affix that occur within a Infix: An affix that occur within a
base, e.g. (in Indonesian) s-in-base, e.g. (in Indonesian) s-in-ambung.ambung.
9
Bound MorphemesBound Morphemes
Divided into derivational vs. Divided into derivational vs. inflectional morphemes.inflectional morphemes.
DerivationalDerivational morphemes make morphemes make new words in a new words in a language- language- different different grammatical grammatical category from the category from the stemstem
e.g. suffix –ness e.g. suffix –ness in in happinesshappiness
InflectionalInflectional morphemes morphemes indicate aspects indicate aspects of grammatical of grammatical function of a function of a word.word.
e.g. suffix –e.g. suffix –eded in in walked walked indicate indicate past tensepast tense
10
Derivation vs. Derivation vs. InflectionInflection
It changes the It changes the category and/or the category and/or the type of meaning of type of meaning of the word, so it is the word, so it is said to create a new said to create a new word.word.
e.g. suffix –e.g. suffix –mentment in in governmentgovernment
It does not change It does not change either the either the grammatical grammatical category or the type category or the type of meaning found in of meaning found in the word.the word.
e.g. suffixe.g. suffix –s –s in in booksbooks
•Bound morphemes always appear in order, first derivational then inflectional. E.g. teachers
11
English Inflectional MorphemesEnglish Inflectional Morphemes
NounsNouns––ss pluralplural–’–’ss possessivepossessive
VerbsVerbs – –ss third person singular presentthird person singular present––eded past tensepast tense––en en past participlepast participle––inging progressiveprogressive
AdjectivesAdjectives––erer comparativecomparative––estest superlativesuperlative
12
Some examples of English Some examples of English Derivational MorphemeDerivational Morpheme
--icic : Noun : Noun Adj Adj ; alcohol ; alcohol alcoholicalcoholic
-ly-ly : Adj : Adj Adv Adv ; exact ; exact exactly exactly -ate : Noun -ate : Noun Verb Verb ; vaccin ; vaccin vaccinate vaccinate -ity-ity : Adj : Adj Noun Noun ; active ; active activity activity -ship : Noun -ship : Noun Noun Noun ; friend ; friend friendship friendship re- : Verb re- : Verb Verb Verb ; cover ; cover recover recover
13
Categories of Categories of MorphemesMorphemes
Morphemes
Free Bound
Lexical DerivationalFunctional inflectional
Tree - read The -er in ‘teacher-s in teachers
14
Analyzing wordsAnalyzing words
The girl’s wildness shocked the The girl’s wildness shocked the teacherteacher
TheThe functional functionalgirlgirl lexical lexical--ss inflectional inflectionalWildWild lexical lexical--nessness derivational derivationalShockShock lexical lexical--eded inflectional inflectionalTheThe functional functionalTeachTeach lexical lexical--erer derivational derivational
15
Morphs and allomorphsMorphs and allomorphs
Phoneme and allophone?Phoneme and allophone? Morphs are the actual realization of Morphs are the actual realization of
morphemes.morphemes. Morphemes are abstract units- morphs Morphemes are abstract units- morphs
are discrete.are discrete. Some morphemes are realized by one Some morphemes are realized by one
or more morphs according to their or more morphs according to their position in a word or a sentence position in a word or a sentence allomorphallomorph
16
Morphs and allomorphsMorphs and allomorphs
Morpheme of plurality represented Morpheme of plurality represented as as -s-s
E.g Cats – digs – forces E.g Cats – digs – forces Allomorphs are represented {-s}, {-Allomorphs are represented {-s}, {-
z} and {-iz}z} and {-iz} Phonetic influence of neighboring soundPhonetic influence of neighboring sound
Allomorphs for the morpheme of Allomorphs for the morpheme of past tense –past tense –eded??
17
Describe the italic affixes:Describe the italic affixes:
1)1) imimpossiblepossible
2)2) terrorizterrorizeded
3)3) terrorterrorizeize
4)4) deskdeskss
5)5) disdislikelike
6)6) humanhumanityity
7)7) fastfastestest
1)1) Derivational prefixDerivational prefix
2)2) Inflectional suffixInflectional suffix
3)3) Derivational suffixDerivational suffix
4)4) Inflectional suffixInflectional suffix
5)5) Derivational prefixDerivational prefix
6)6) Derivational suffixDerivational suffix
7)7) Inflectional suffixInflectional suffix
18
Describe the italic affixes:Describe the italic affixes:
8)8) preprematuremature
9)9) ununtietie
10)10) darkdarkenen
11)11) fallfallenen
12)12) oxoxenen
13)13) fastfasterer
14)14) lecturlecturerer
8)8) Derivational prefixDerivational prefix
9)9) Derivational prefixDerivational prefix
10)10) Derivational suffixDerivational suffix
11)11) Inflectional suffixInflectional suffix
12)12) Inflectional suffixInflectional suffix
13)13) Inflectional suffixInflectional suffix
14)14) Derivational suffixDerivational suffix
19
Analyze different types of Analyze different types of morphemesmorphemes
The young boy played with his friends.The young boy played with his friends.The
Young
Boy
Play
-ed
With
His
Friend
-s
Functional
Lexical
Lexical
Lexical
Inflection
Functional
Functional
Lexical
inflectional