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Transcript of 1 Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography Basics Nikolas Nadeau Walden University Online...
1
Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography Basics
Nikolas Nadeau
Walden University
Online Writing Center
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Housekeeping• Muting
• Questions
• Tech trouble? http://support.citrixonline.com/en_US/GoToTraining
• Recording: http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/415.htm
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Alternative names
You might also hear or see:
1. annotated bib2. annotation3. lit review
All of these terms are synonymous with annotatedbibliographies or literature reviews.
•
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Annotated Bibliography
Annotate: “to make or furnish critical or
explanatory notes or comment”
Bibliography: “the history, identification, or
description of writings or publications”
(Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, 2012)
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Annotated Bibliography
The format of an annotated bibliography can
change depending on the assignment, but the
typical format is a list of reference entries
followed by annotations.– Alphabetized by author– No headings– Brief
Be sure to ask your instructor about any alternative expectations for your specific assignment.
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Annotated Bibliography
APACommon Reference Examples
Remember to use APA format for reference entries, just like in a normal reference list.
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Annotated Bibliography
An annotation has three components:
Each component normally appears as its own
paragraph within the annotation.
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Annotated Bibliography
Part 1: Summary
Answers these questions:• What is the topic of the source?• What actions did the author perform within
the study and why?• What are the methods of the author?• What was the theoretical basis for the study?• What were the conclusions of the study?
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Annotated Bibliography
The authors described the construction and rationale of an honors course in science and religion that was pedagogically based on Lawson’s learning cycle model. In Lawson’s model, the student writes a short paper on a subject before a presentation of the material and then writes a longer paper reevaluating and supporting his or her views. Using content analysis, the authors compared the answers in the first and second essays, evaluating them based on Fowler’s stages of development. Examples of student writing are presented with the authors’ analysis of the faith stage exhibited by the students, which demonstrated development in stages 2 through 5.
Brief summary
Past tense
(Not as long or formulaic as an abstract, and written fully in writer’s own words.)
Example Summary:
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Annotated Bibliography
Part 2: Critique/Analysis
• Strengths and weaknesses– Methodology, language choices,
organization, level of detail• Is any information is missing? • Is the article scholarly or generalizable?
Why or why not?
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Annotated Bibliography
Example Critique/Analysis:Rather than focusing on spiritual development,
the authors’ course emphasized the intersection between religion and science, through material on epistemology, creation myths, evolutionary theory, and ethics. Furthermore, although the authors exposed students to Fowler’s faith development theory, this exposure did not carry into to student work in the classroom. However, since Fowler’s work is based largely within a Western Christian setting, some attention to differences in faith among class members would have been a useful addition to the study.
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Annotated Bibliography
Part 3: Application
• Does this article fill a gap in literature?• How do I apply this method to my area of
focus?• Is the article universal?
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Annotated Bibliography
The key is to justify why you are using the source.– How is it different than others in the same
field/topic?– How does it inform your future research?
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Annotated Bibliography
Example Application:
Fowler’s work would seem to lend itself to research ofthis sort, but such a model is the one found in recentliterature. This study demonstrates the best use of themodel, which is assessment. While the theory claimedhigh predictive ability, the change process chronicled is soslow and idiosyncratic that it would be difficult to designand implement research aiming to measure movement in faith development continuum.
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Annotated Bibliography
Remember:• No in-text or parenthetical citations • No direct quotes• No use of the first person (“I,” “my,” “me”)• No reference list
*However, always defer to your instructor’spreferences.
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Annotated Bibliography vs. Literature Review
Annotated bibliography
=precursor to a
literature review
Literature review
= foundation for one’s research
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Literature Review
A literature review:• overviews your chosen
topic or field• demonstrates your depth
of knowledge• supports/guides future
research
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Literature Review
What is not a literature review?
• A collection of source summaries or abstracts• A copy/paste of annotations• A discussion of your opinions on a topic
Instead, your job as the writer is to synthesize the literature to create that foundation for your research or argument.
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Literature Review
What is synthesis?
• Identifying patterns among the sources• Critically discussing strengths/weaknesses
of the sources or in the field• Comparing and contrasting the authors’
findings• Interpreting what is known in your field and
what is missing
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Literature Review
Remember:• No required formatting• An introduction and conclusion• Avoid overreliance on quotes/
paraphrases
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Literature Review
…by author (bad)
•Limits a paragraph to one source•Does not allow for direct comparison•Tends to come across as a series of “book reports”
…by theme (good)
•Allows for a unique organization•Can have the authors “talk to each other”•Demonstrates the writer’s analysis of the literature
Organize…
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Literature Review
When organized by theme, writers can also
use headings and comparative terms within
the text.
• Headings– Cue your reader to organization and changing topics– Note subtopics of themes
• Comparative terms– Demonstrate where authors agree or disagree – Highlight your interpretation of the authors’ findings
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Literature Review
Example Synthesis
As Stragalas (2010) argued, sharing specific details about the change will help to eliminate any difficulties. Steele-Johnson et al. (2010) echoed these sentiments when they reported that revealing all of the details about a change process can help those involved better understand and support the change. Steele-Johnson et al. also asserted that a high level of transparency during the change can help those involved prepare for and welcome the change. Similarly, Nahata et al. (2010) showed that transparency through excessive communication can allow for a wider range of acceptance of the change.
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Literature Review
Literature Review MatricesMatrices are documents that allow you to
compile details about your sources and begin to
note similarities among the authors.
• Theoretical framework• Methodology• Conclusions• Implications or need for future research
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Literature Review
Example Matrix
Example matrices on Writing Center website: http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/50.htm
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Literature Review
Zotero Reference Manager
While a matrix can help you make connections between your sources, the software Zotero can help you store and organize your references.
Library website and Zotero information: http://libraryguides.waldenu.edu/zotero
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Recap
• Annotated Bibliographies– Summary, analysis, and application– No direct quotes, citations, or use of first person
• Literature Reviews– Synthesis, not summary– Themes, not authors
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References
Merriam-Webster. (2012). Annotate [Dictionary definition]. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/annotate
Merriam-Webster. (2012). Bibliography [Dictionary definition]. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bibliography
(He just checked out
our Common Reference
List Examples page.) →