1 Life Histories Chapter 12 Adaptation of an organism that influence its biology over its life span;...
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Life Histories Chapter 12
Adaptation of an organism that influence its biology over its life span; e.g. offspring #; survival, size and age of reproduction, maturation transformations.
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Offspring Number Versus Size
• Principle of Allocation: If organisms use energy for one function such as growth, the amount of energy available for other functions is reduced. Leads to trade-offs between functions
such as number and size of offspring.
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Seed Size and Number in Plants
• Small plants producing large number of small seeds appear to have an advantage in areas of high disturbance.
• Plants producing large seeds are constrained to producing fewer seedlings more capable of surviving environmental hazards.
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Seed Size and Number in Plants
• Jakobsson and Eriksson found seed size variation explained many differences in recruitment success. Larger seeds produce larger seedlings
and were associated with increased recruitment.
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Seed Size and Number in Plants
• Seiwa and Kikuzana found larger seeds produced taller seedlings. Energy reserve boosts seedling growth.
Rapid growth helps seedling penetrate thick litter layer.
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Seed Size and Number in Plants
• Many families produce small number of larger seeds. Dispersal mode might influence seed size.
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Life History Variation Among Species
• Shine and Charnov pointed out vertebrate energy budgets are different before and after sexual maturity. Before - maintenance or growth. After - maintenance, growth, or
reproduction. Individuals delaying reproduction will grow
faster and reach a larger size. Increased reproduction rate.
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Life History Variation Among Species• Gunderson found clear relationship between
adult fish mortality and age of reproductive maturity. Species with higher mortality show higher
relative reproductive rate.
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• Species that are short-lived with high mortality rate, mature fast, are often smaller and with high reproductive rate – population turnover (replacement) is fast.
• Long-lived species that mature slowly have lower mortality and lower reproductive (or recruitment) rate – population turnover is slow.
• Consider fish; which can be harvested with least negative impact on their populations?
http://fish.dnr.cornell.edu/nyfish/Cyprinodontidae/mummichog.jpg
http://aquanic.org/images/photos/ingvar/Roughy.gif
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Life History Classification
• MacArthur and Wilson r selection (per capita rate of increase)
Characteristic high population growth rate.
K selection (carrying capacity) Characteristic efficient resource use.
• Pianka : r and K are ends of a continuum, while most organisms are in-between. r selection: Unpredictable environments. K selection: Predictable environments.
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r K
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Plant Life Histories
• Grime proposed two most important variables exerting selective pressures in plants: Intensity of disturbance:
Any process limiting plants by destroying biomass.
Intensity of stress: External constraints limiting rate of
biomass production.
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Plant Life Histories
• Four Environmental Extremes: Low Disturbance : Low Stress Low Disturbance : High Stress High Disturbance : Low Stress High Disturbance : High Stress
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Plant Life Histories
• Ruderals (highly disturbed habitats) Grow rapidly and produce seeds quickly.
• Stress-Tolerant (high stress - no disturbance) Grow slowly - conserve resources.
• Competitive (low disturbance low stress) Grow well, but eventually compete with
others for resources.
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Grime’s Plant Life History Triangle
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Opportunistic, Equilibrium,and Periodic Life Histories
• Winemiller and Rose proposed new classification scheme based on: juvenile survivorship (lx), fecundity (mx), and age of reproductive maturity (α)
Opportunistic: low lx - low mx - early α Equilibrium: high lx - low mx - late α Periodic: low lx - high mx - late α
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Opportunistic, Equilibrium,and Periodic Life Histories
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Reproductive Effort, Offspring Size, and Benefit-Cost Ratios
• Charnov developed a new approach to life history classification. Took a few key life history features and
converted them to dimensionless numbers.
By removing the influences of time and size, similarities and differences between groups are easier to identify.
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Reproductive Effort, Offspring Size, and Benefit-Cost Ratios