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Lecture 1 - Introduction

ICE 1222-2342 Microprocessor + Lab.

2008 Fall

Daeyoung Kim

School of EngineeringInformation & Communications University

kimd@icu.ac.krhttp://resl.icu.ac.kr

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Course Introduction - I ICE 1222 / 2342 – Microprocessor + Lab.

Undergraduate course for CSE & ECE students ARM Microprocessors – Regular Class

ARM Architecture, Assembly Language Programming

Instruction Set, ARM Processor/CPU Cores Memory Hierarchy Architectural Support for

High-level languages, System Development, Operating Systems

Embedded Systems Development

ARM based Embedded Systems and Software - Laboratory

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Course Introduction - II

Instructor Daeyoung Kim

Phone) 866-6157 E-mail) kimd@icu.ac.kr

Office : T329

TA

Seonghoon Kim Office: T326 E-mail: shkim1980@icu.ac.kr

Jong-uk Lee Office: T326 E-mail: scinfuture@icu.ac.kr

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Course Introduction - III

Course Materials Required Textbook :

ARM System-on-Chip Architecture (2nd Edition). by Stephen B. Furber

Reference Materials :

ARM Architecture Reference Manual (2nd Edition) by Dave Jagger, David Seal (Editor)

EMPOS II Manual/Teaching Material – Hanback Electronics

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Course Introduction - IV Course Homepage

http://resl.icu.ac.kr/~kimd/class/ice1222-2342-2008f/ICE1222-2342.htm

Time and Place Class

Mon 14:30-15:45 at L301 Fri 09:00-10:15 at L301

Laboratory Wed 7:00PM-9:00PM (Lab.) – L508

Academic Integrity Cheating homework, project -> zero score for both parties

Late policy No late submission except for emergency situation

Basic grading policy A : 50%, B : 30%, C : 20%

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PDA Reference Platform – EMPOS-II

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Lab Scheule

Week Topic

1 Course Introduction

2 Development Environment setup

3 Bootloader

4 Linux Kernel

5 File system

6 Write Embedded Linux Application

7 (2008/10/13) Midterm exam period

8 Web server porting

9 Device Driver

10 QT/E Environment

11 QTOPIA

12 Project

13 (2008/12/8) Final exam period

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Embedded Systems & Microprocessors

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Embedded Systems

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Definition of Embedded Systems

An embedded system is a device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself a general-purpose computer.

An embedded system is usually only designed for one single purposecan be highly optimizedAll unneeded features are a disadvantage (cost, power)

Source: Wolf 2000,© 2000 Morgan Kaufman

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Typical Embedded System

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Embedded Systems – Play Station 3

• 7 Cell processors 3.2 GHz each [originally spec = 9]

• Graphics: Nvidia RSX 550 Mhz GPU 1.8 TFlops – 100 billion shader ops/sec – 300 million transitors – 51 billion dot products/sec – Full HD – 1080p

• Total 2.18 Tflops

• 512MB RAM – split between CPU and graphics – 25.6GB/s

• 512KB L2 cache

• 7 AltiVec vector processing units

• Blu-ray DVD [25GB]

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Embedded Systems – Nintendo Wii

- CPUPowerPC based "Broadway" processor (729Mhz)- GPUATI "Hollywood" processor (243Mhz)- Memory88mb main memory, 64mb ext. RAM- Ports1..4 Wiimotes (BT), SD card slot, 2x USB 2.0,4x GCN, 2x GCN MC, WiFi 802.11b/g- Storage512mb built-in flash memory, supports 2gbSD, GCN MC, slot-loading disc- VideoUp to 480p (PAL/NTSC) or 576i (PAL/SECAM),Component, Scart, S-Video, Composite, 16:9- AudioStereo – Dolby Pro Logic II-capable, built-inspeaker in Wiimote

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IBM Power Architecture

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IBM Power Processor usages

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IBM Power Architecture

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Embedded Systems -- Examples

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NASA Pathfinder

(mission to MAR 1997)

Embedded Systems -- Examples

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How to design embedded systems?

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Abstraction Levels

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Abstraction Levels

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Abstraction Levels

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Abstraction Levels

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Embedded System & Embedded Linux

Embedded System - information processing is embedded in a larger system in which information processing is not visible to the user through PC-like interfaces

Features:

reliable, safe, and secure, efficientmostly fixed set of applications systems frequently reading, processing and controlling physical quantities

Embedded Linux Linux kernel runs on a particular CPU and board which will be

put into an embedded device

Real-Time System - must guarantee real-time constraints

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Real-Time Systems - 1 Often used in a dedicated application such as aircraft

avionics systems, automobile control, weapon systems, medical systems, industrial control systems, and etc.

Well-defined timing constraints. Timing correctness as well as functional correctness

Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft real-time.

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Real-Time Systems - 2

Hard real-time: Missing timing constraints -> catastrophic result Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short

term memory, or read-only memory (ROM) Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by

general-purpose operating systems.

Soft real-time Missing timing constraints -> inconvenience, performance

degradation (best effort to meet timing constraint) Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality)

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Reasons for large processor variety - 1

• Processors inserted into the veins of the human body to compute averaged time series of sensor values: low performance requirements, must be power- and area-efficient.

• Processors in automobile electronics: must be able to sustain high voltages (100+ volts) and must be cheap.

• Processors in portable phones: must be very power efficient.

Large variety of applications

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Reasons for large processor variety - 2

Embedded processors exhibit features making them efficient for certain applications or application domains

Large variety of processors inembedded systems

• ... due to focus on efficiency• ... due to application domain• ... no need for code compatibility• ... in order to protect company IP• ... in order to reduce power consumption

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Architectural features of embedded processors

General rules (with exceptions):

1. Designed for efficiency (vs. ease of programming)2. Huge variety of processors (resulting from 1.)3. Harvard architecture4. Heterogeneous register sets5. Limited instruction-level parallelism or VLIW ISA6. Different operation modes (saturating arithmetic, fixed point)7. Specialised microcontroller & DSP instructions (bit-field addressing, multiply/accumulate, bit-reversal, modulo addressing)8. Multiple memory banks9. No “fat” (MMU, caches, memory protection, target buffers, complex pipeline logic, ...)

These features have to be known to the compiler!

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Harvard architecture

CPU

PCdata memory

program memory

address

data

address

data

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von Neumann vs. Harvard

Harvard can’t use self-modifying code.

Harvard allows two simultaneous memory fetches.

Most DSPs use Harvard architecture for streaming data: greater memory bandwidth; more predictable bandwidth.

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Popular Microprocessors

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Microcontrollers

Microcontroller including a CPU, memory,

a clock oscillator, and I/O

on a single IC.

Microprocessor Some elements such as

memory, or I/O are missing

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ATMEL ATMEGA 128(L) Microcontroller

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ATMEL ATMEGA 128(L)

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TI MSP430 Microcontrollers

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TI MSP430 Microcontrollers

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Freescale(Motorola) – 8-bit Microcontrollers roadmap - 1

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Freescale(Motorola) – 8-bit Microcontrollers roadmap - 2

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Freescale(Motorola) – 8-bit Microcontrollers roadmap - 3

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Freescale(Motorola) – 16-bit Microcontrollers roadmap

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ARM Architecture Roadmap - 1

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ARM Architecture Roadmap - 2

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Why ARM?

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ARM Core Selection Guide - 1

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ARM Core Selection Guide - 2

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Compaq iPAQ H3600

SA-1110

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SA-1110 Block DiagramARM+DEC -> Intel

                                                                                                     

                                                                             

                                                                                                     

                                                                                   

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SA-1111 Block Diagram

                                                                                                     

                                                                             

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SA-1110/SA-1111 System Example

                                                                                                     

                                                                             

                                                                                                  

                                                                                

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Intel Xscale – PXA255

                                                                                                     

                                                                             

                                                                                                  

                                                                                

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Intel Xscale – PXA270 for Embedded Computing

                                                                                                     

                                                                             

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Modem Chip Evolution for Cellular Phone

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Mobile Station HW - Base band

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Mobile Station SW Architecture

Applications (GVM, Wavelet, M-Commerce, LBS..)

Applications (GVM, Wavelet, M-Commerce, LBS..)

Radio Telephony Device Control (CDMA/GSM/GPRS/WCDMA)

Radio Telephony Device Control (CDMA/GSM/GPRS/WCDMA)

APP ManagerAPP Manager ProtocolStack

ProtocolStack

Radio Comm. Interface

Radio Comm. Interface

I/O Device Driver(HW Abstraction Layer)

I/O Device Driver(HW Abstraction Layer)

Embedded OS (REX, VxWorks, Symbian)Embedded OS (REX, VxWorks, Symbian)

Mobile PlatformMobile Platform T-APIsT-APIsG-APIsG-APIs

WAPBrowser

WAPBrowser

Embedded HWEmbedded HW

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I/O Device Drivers

Keypad Touchpad Voice Recognition LCD Sound Speech Synthesis Light IrDA USB UART Bluetooth

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Embedded SystemsDevelopment Environment