1 Last Words on SETI & CETI and some Space Travel Basics HNRT 228 Spring 2012 Dr. H. Geller.
-
Upload
tamsyn-melton -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of 1 Last Words on SETI & CETI and some Space Travel Basics HNRT 228 Spring 2012 Dr. H. Geller.
1
Last Words on SETI & CETI and some Space Travel Basics
HNRT 228Spring 2012Dr. H. Geller
2
What I Will Cover Today
Final words about CETISpace TravelSpace EnvironmentSpaceflight ProjectsSpaceflight Operations
3
iClicker Question
About how many extrasolar planets have officially been detected to date? A between 10 and 100 B between 100 and 1000 C more than 1000
4
iClicker Question
How have we detected most extrasolar planets discovered to date (before Kepler mission)? A Transits B Hubble Space Telescope images C the Doppler related technique
5
iClicker Question
Which technique does the Kepler mission use to search for Earth size planets around other stars? A Transits. B The astrometric technique. C The Doppler related technique. D Gravitational lensing.
6
iClicker Question
Nearly all the extrasolar planets discovered to date are A terrestrial-like planets. B jovian-like planets. C large, icy worlds.
7
iClicker Question
The end result of a calculation with Drake equation is intended to be an estimate of A the number of worlds in the galaxy
on which life has arisen. B the number of worlds in the galaxy
on which intelligence has arisen. C the number of worlds in the galaxy
on which civilizations are transmitting signals now.
8
iClicker Question
Which of the following statements is true about the terms in the Drake equation? A Astronomical research will soon give us
firm values for all of the terms. B Some of the terms depend on
sociology, and cannot be determined by astronomers alone.
C We already know the terms of the equation to an accuracy within a factor of 2.
9
iClicker Question
The fact that marine predators like dolphins and sharks have similar shapes despite different ancestry is an example of A convergent evolution. B narrow bandwidth. C spontaneous creation.
10
iClicker Question
Which of the following would lead an animal to a higher encephalization quotient (EQ) as it evolved? A Growth in both body size and brain size. B Growth in body size but not in brain size. C Growth in brain size but not in body size.
11
iClicker Question
Two-way conversation with other societies is probably unlikely, even if we make contact. This is mainly because A aliens won’t speak our language. B it might be dangerous to get in touch. C the time it takes for signals to cross
the distance to them could be centuries or more.
12
iClicker Question
One reason the scientists doubt that crop circles have alien origin is A they are always beautiful. B they can be easily made by
humans. C their appearance is not correlated
with sightings of bright lights.
13
A Cartoon about CETI
14
What does a telescope do?
Collect electromagnetic waves Collecting ability proportional to the
square of the diameter of the objectiveResolve electromagnetic sources
Related to the atmosphere, wavelength and curvature of the objective
Magnify surfaces of planets and the Moon Magnification only of Moon, Sun and planets
15
Looking Beyond the Eyes
16
Optical Telescopes
Reflector
Refractor
17
Different Views of Sun
Sun in Hydrogen-alpha Sun in X-ray
18
Radio Astronomy Basics
19
A Little More Detail
20
Jansky’s Original Radiotelescope
21
Grote Reber’s Telescope
22
170 foot Diameter Radio-telescope at Green Bank, WV
23
The 100-meter Green Bank Telescope
24
Even Bigger than you Think
25
Jupiter in Radio
Saturn in Radio
26
3C296 Radio/Optical Composite
27
Smoothing Data
28
Visualizing the Data
29
Colorizing the Data
30
Dealing With Noise
31
Worldwide Noise Sources
32
The Space Environment
Solar SystemReference SystemGravity and MechanicsTrajectoriesPlanetary OrbitsElectromagnetics
33
Solar System Considerations
Distance From Sun
Energy, temperature, condensation of matter
Hostile Environment Radiation
(gamma ray) Radiation (x-ray) Radiation (UV)
34
Coordinate Reference Systems
GeographicCelestialPrecession
35
Gravity and Mechanics
Orbits Kepler Newton
36
Orbital Transfers
37
Planets and Gravity
38
Flight Project Considerations
Mission InceptionExperimentsSpacecraft ClassificationTelecomOnboard SystemsScience InstrumentsNavigation
39
Mission Inception
40
Instruments
41
Telecommunications
42
Onboard Systems
43
Operations Considerations
LaunchCruiseEncounterExtended OperationsDeep Space Network
44
Launch Vehicles
45
Cruise Portion of Mission
46
Encounter Portion of Mission
47
Need for Deep Space Network
48
Interstellar Spaceflight
Considerations
49
THE PHYSICS AND MATH OF SPACE TRAVEL
For a spacecraft accelerating at a rate a, the velocity v reached and distance x traveled in a given interval of time t is:
v(t) at
1 atc 2
x(t) c2
a1 at
c 2
1
c = speed of light
Crew Duration (yr) Earth Duration (yr) Range (pc) 1 1 0.0210 24 3 - nearest stars20 270 4240 36,000 5,400 - center of Galaxy
Accelerating at 1g = 9.8 m/s2:
50
iClicker Question
What does the letter “c” stand for in the equations shown?
A Speed of soundB Speed of lightC A constant of unknown valueD A generic constantE Speed of time
51
Considerations for Interstellar Travel
Unless there is a MAJOR revolution in technology - rockets are all we have.
Three considerations for interstellar travel
1. Imagination - not a problem today
2. Technology - constantly improving
3. Laws of Nature - may provide ultimate limits
Rocket engines most efficient when v~vexhaust. Going faster makes them less efficient.Rockets must accelerate not only the payload but also all the fuel they carry!
52
For a final velocity Vf, a ratio of initial mass (payload plus fuel) to final mass (ditto) M, and exhaust velocity W, then:
Vfc
1 M 2W /c
1 M 2W /c
For Vf < 0.1c, then M = “e” = 2.7182…..
For a round trip, where 4 legs of the trip each require a factor of M:
M RT M 4
Suppose we took a round trip to a star 5 pc away:
Via Chemical Rocket Via Nuclear Rocket Vf / c ~ 10-5 Vf / c ~ 10-1
MRT = 55 (=e4) MRT = 55 t = 3 million years t = 300 years
53
iClicker Question
What does the letter “e” represent in these equations?
A Speed of lightB The natural logarithm baseC An irrational numberD A rational numberE Both B and C are correct
54
Energy Costs of Interstellar Travel
Example: Controlled Nuclear Fusion (can’t do this yet!)
1000 ton payload
55,000 tons fuel in the form of H, dissociated from 440,000 tons of H2O ice mined from one of Saturn’s moons
Dissociating 440,000 tons of ice requires 1016 Joules (Watt-sec) = 3x109 kW-hours = 3000 GW-h ~ 0.1% total annual energy consumption in the USA
But it won’t go very fast.
55
iClicker Question
When do you think the USA will develop a nuclear fusion reactor that produces more electricity than it consumes?
A Within the next 10 yearsB Within the next 20 yearsC Within the next 30 yearsD Within the next 50 yearsE Never
56
Matter/Antimatter RocketsW = c
Vfc
1 M 2
1 M 2
x(dist.) c2
2aM M 1 2
T (earth) 2c
aM M 1
t(crew) c
aln(M )
Illustration - flat-out acceleration (No stopping, drifting, or return).
Vf/c = 0.1 Vf/c = 0.98 Vf/c = 0.1 Vf/c = 0.98a = 0.01 g a = 0.01 g a = 1 g a = 1 gM = 1.1 M = 9.95 M = 1.1 M = 9.95Tcrew = 9.7 y Tcrew = 230 y Tcrew = 0.1 y Tcrew = 2.3 ytearth = 39 y tearth = 2000 y tearth = 0.4 y tearth = 20 y
The fuel supply needed to reach Vf / c=0.98 for a round-trip (MRT=M4=9,800)10-ton payload requires 100,000 tons matter-antimatter
mc2 E 1025 Joules
About 1 million times the annual energy consumption in the USA
57
iClicker Question
What is the value of v2/c2 when v is very small compared to c?
A Near zeroB Near oneC Effectively infinite
58
iClicker Question
What is the value of (1 - v2/c2) when v is very small compared to c?
A Effectively zeroB Effectively oneC Effectively infinite
59
iClicker Question
What is the value of (1 - v2/c2) when v is approaching the speed of light?
A Effectively zeroB Effectively oneC Effectively infinite
60
iClicker Question
What is the value of 1 / (1 - v2/c2) when v is approaching the speed of light?
A Effectively zeroB Effectively oneC Effectively infinite
61
Project Orion - detonate nuclear bombs to provide thrust (motion picture “Deep Impact”)
62
iClicker Question
Do you support the use of nuclear weapons for space travel?
A YesB No
63
Solar Sailing
Planetary Society - Cosmos 1
June 21, 2005, launched on Volna rocket from Russian sub. Failed to reach orbit
Solar wind only reaches 0.003c, need to use sunlight
64
Suppose we start at 1 AU from the Sun (i.e. Earth's orbit), a sail area A and a payload (plus sail mass) M.
v 2x
R1AU
x ALSunM 2c
10-ton payload, sail 1000 km x 1000 km in size. v∞ is then only 0.04 c.It would take roughly 3/0.04 = 75 years to get anywhere, i.e. 3 ly away (ignoring deceleration & stopping)
Oops! The SAIL ALSO has mass!
A 1000 km x 1000 km. A gold leaf sail 1 atom thick (a real sail would have to be much thicker) would have a mass of 170 tons (it effectively becomes the payload), and so the top speed is 0.009 c. Now it takes over 300 years to get anywhere!
Science fiction story - sails from star to star in a day or two (1/300th of a year), This is impossible by a factor of 300 x 300 = 90,000 times! Such trips are, therefore, unrealistic fantasy.
65
Yet other "Possibilities" for Interstellar Flight
Ships pushed by X-ray lasers
A rear reflector plays the same role to a powerful planet-based light source as the solar sail did to sunlight.
Interstellar Ramjets
This uses interstellar gas as fuel. You no longer need to carry it with you. Avoid low-density regions? How do you get the fuel into the engine?
FTL (Faster-Than-Light)
Warp drives, etc. Contrary to all known physics. Sorry.
66
Exploration by Proxy - Robotics
Von Neumann Machines/Probes - self-replicating:
1. Travel to a destination
2. Mine resources
3. Make copies of itself
4. Send copies out to new destination
5. Spread though the Galaxy as exponentially growing fleet of machines that consume raw resources
Is this really a good idea?
67
Commentary on Interstellar Space Travel
• Unless there is a major revolution in our understanding of the laws of nature, space travel is likely to be confined to the solar system, unless someone wants to launch "generation ships" where only their distant descendents will see arrive somewhere.
• IF interstellar travel were to become a reality, but still limited to relatively slow travel, all trips will be 1-way. For M="e", M1way = M2 = 7.4, while MRT = M4 = 55. Also, why return? Everyone you know back on Earth will be dead. You will be an anachronism (how would your great-great-great-great grandparents fit into today's society?), or worse, a specimen in a zoo.
68
iClicker Question
You take a spaceship to Alpha Centaurus and return to Earth. Which of the following is the case when you return to Earth?
A All who knew you will be dead.B There will be no time noticed to have
passed on Earth.C All who knew you will be alive.D This is not possible.D More information is needed.
69
Another Hazard of interstellar flight
A 1-mm grain (mass of 0.012 grams) hit by a spacecraft traveling 0.1 c - energy (E=1/2 mv2) of 5.4x109 J.Same energy as a 1-ton object hitting at Mach 9.5 (7,000 mi/hr)!!
Unless there is a way to screen out all interstellar dust, the spacecraft will be easily destroyed.
70
iClicker Question
If you double the mass of a moving object, the force needed to accelerate it would
A be doubled.B be tripled.C be quadrupled.D decrease.E Cannot be determined, more
information is needed.
71
iClicker Question
If you double the mass of a moving object, its kinetic energy will
A be doubled.B be tripled.C be quadrupled.D decrease.E Cannot be determined, more
information is needed.
72
iClicker Question
If you double the velocity of a moving object, its kinetic energy will
A be doubled.B be tripled.C be quadrupled.D decrease.E Cannot be determined, more
information is needed.
73
Past "Attempts" at Physical Contact
The Pioneer 10 spacecraft - plaque
The Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft - gold record (and stylus for "playing") with images and sounds of Planet Earth.
74
iClicker Question
Do you believe it is easy to construct a message for another civilization?
A TrueB False
75
More Scenes of Earth from Voyager Catalog
76
Voyager Trajectories – Interstellar Spacecraft
Neither of these are targeted at any specific star. Their trajectories were constrained by their science missions to the jovian planets.
77
Will the Pioneer & Voyager Spacecraft ever “get anywhere”?
To come within 1 AU of a star & accidentally be found:“Mean Free Path” (how far to go in order to hit something)x=1/(n)n = number of systems per pc3
= "target area" to be hit. (For a circle, the target area is times the radius (here 1 AU) squared, which we will express in pc2 to get
the units we need.) n 2.5x10 3stars / ly3 0.1star / pc3
1AU 2 1
206,265pc
2 2.4 10 11 pc2
x 1
n
1
0.1pc 3 7.5x10 11 pc2 1.3x1011 pc
The MW is about 105 pc across (and about 103 pc thick)
Changes of “hitting” are less than 10-6 or 0.0001%. Using Neptune’s orbit as target - goes up to a whopping 0.1%.
78
iClicker Question
Can the previous calculation be applied to the likelihood of intercepting a radio signal from another civilization?
A YesB No
79