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IonsIonsIonsIons: A charged particle formed when a neutral : A charged particle formed when a neutral

atom or group of atoms gain or lose one or atom or group of atoms gain or lose one or more electrons.more electrons.

ExampleExample

Na Na Na Na++ + e + e--

F + eF + e-- F F--

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CationsCationsMg Mg Mg Mg2+2+ + 2e + 2e--

Al Al Al Al3+3+ + 3e + 3e--

Cation:Cation: A positively-charged ion. One or more A positively-charged ion. One or more electrons are lost from a neutral atomelectrons are lost from a neutral atom

oxidationoxidation

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AnionsAnionsI + eI + e-- I I- - O + 2eO + 2e-- O O2- 2- S + 2eS + 2e-- S S2- 2-

AnionAnion: A negatively-charged ion. Electrons are : A negatively-charged ion. Electrons are gained by a neutral atomgained by a neutral atom

reductionreduction

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IonsIons Ion charges can be predicted from the Periodic TableIon charges can be predicted from the Periodic Table

Main Group metal (IA-IVA) ion-charges correspond to Main Group metal (IA-IVA) ion-charges correspond to group numbergroup number

Sodium (Na) in IA Sodium (Na) in IA +1 +1 Main Group non-metal (IIIA-VIIIA) ion-charges Main Group non-metal (IIIA-VIIIA) ion-charges

correspond to correspond to (group# - 8)(group# - 8) Fluorine (F) in VIIA Fluorine (F) in VIIA (7-8) = -1 (7-8) = -1

All this has to do with electron configurationAll this has to do with electron configuration See website as well:See website as well:

http://web.clark.edu/aaliabadi/phSC106_ions%20sheehttp://web.clark.edu/aaliabadi/phSC106_ions%20sheet.htmt.htm

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Compounds That Contain Compounds That Contain IonsIons

Require metal and non-metalRequire metal and non-metal Form ionic bondsForm ionic bonds Called anCalled an ionic compound ionic compound

Characteristic PropertiesCharacteristic Properties1. Very high melting points1. Very high melting points2. Conduct an electric current when melted or 2. Conduct an electric current when melted or

when dissolved in waterwhen dissolved in water

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Ionic compoundIonic compound The number of cations and anions must have a net charge of The number of cations and anions must have a net charge of

zero.zero.

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Compounds that Contain Compounds that Contain IonsIons

Writing Formulas for Ionic CompoundsWriting Formulas for Ionic CompoundsGive the formulas for the compounds that contain the following Give the formulas for the compounds that contain the following

pairs of ions:pairs of ions:

(a) K and I(a) K and I

(b) Mg and N(b) Mg and N

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Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds1. The cation is always named first and the 1. The cation is always named first and the

anion second.anion second.

2. The cation takes its name from the name of 2. The cation takes its name from the name of the element.the element.

3. The anion is named by taking the first part of 3. The anion is named by taking the first part of the element name and adding –ide.the element name and adding –ide.

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Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic CompoundsName the following Type I Name the following Type I

compoundscompounds

NaClNaCl RaBrRaBr22

RbRb22OO

AlIAlI33

KK33NN

CsCs44SiSi

Give the chemical formula for the Give the chemical formula for the following Type I compoundsfollowing Type I compounds

Strontium phosphideStrontium phosphide Calcium fluorideCalcium fluoride Beryllium carbideBeryllium carbide Lithium hydrideLithium hydride Barium sulfideBarium sulfide Magnesium tellurideMagnesium telluride

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Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds Type II compounds need to be identified by a Roman numeral Type II compounds need to be identified by a Roman numeral

(I), (IV), etc. (I), (IV), etc. Represents oxidation state of cationRepresents oxidation state of cation Not Not how many cations are present in compound!how many cations are present in compound!

Example: NaCl Example: NaCl sodium (I) chloride is INCORRECT sodium (I) chloride is INCORRECT Example: SnClExample: SnCl44 tin (IV) chloride is correct tin (IV) chloride is correct

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Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic CompoundsType II Ionic CompoundsType II Ionic Compounds

FeClFeCl2 2 and FeCland FeCl33

PbO and PbOPbO and PbO22

MnS and MnMnS and Mn22SS77

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A Mixed BagA Mixed Bag PbBrPbBr22 and PbBr and PbBr44

Aluminum arsenideAluminum arsenide FeS and FeFeS and Fe22SS33

Thallium (III) borideThallium (III) boride Mercury (II) carbideMercury (II) carbide NaNa22SS CoClCoCl33

Cerium (IV) phosphideCerium (IV) phosphide ScFScF33

Gold (I) selenideGold (I) selenide Vanadium (V) tellurideVanadium (V) telluride

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Naming Compounds that Naming Compounds that Contain Polyatomic IonsContain Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic IonPolyatomic Ion: An ion that contains more than one atom. They : An ion that contains more than one atom. They are charged entities composed of several atoms bound are charged entities composed of several atoms bound together.together.

Consult my website for the list:Consult my website for the list: http://web.clark.edu/aaliabadi/phSC106_ionshttp://web.clark.edu/aaliabadi/phSC106_ions

%20sheet.htm%20sheet.htm

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CaveatCaveat Parenthesis required if more than one Parenthesis required if more than one

polyatomic ion presentpolyatomic ion present Ca(ClO)Ca(ClO)2 2 is correctis correct

Ca(I)Ca(I)22 is INCORRECT is INCORRECT

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Naming Compounds that Naming Compounds that Contain Polyatomic IonsContain Polyatomic Ions

Name or provide the chemical formula for each of the following Name or provide the chemical formula for each of the following compounds:compounds:

(a) Ca(OH)(a) Ca(OH)22 (e) Co(ClO) (e) Co(ClO)22

(b) Sodium phosphate (f) platinum (IV) bicarbonate(b) Sodium phosphate (f) platinum (IV) bicarbonate

(c) KMnO(c) KMnO44 (g) Cu(NO (g) Cu(NO22))22

(d) Ammonium nitrate(d) Ammonium nitrate (h) nickel (III) oxide (h) nickel (III) oxide

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Naming Compounds that Naming Compounds that Contain Polyatomic IonsContain Polyatomic Ions

Name or provide each of the following compounds:Name or provide each of the following compounds:

(a) calcium carbonate (e) MoO(a) calcium carbonate (e) MoO

(b) BaSO(b) BaSO44 (f) Iridium (VII) acetate (f) Iridium (VII) acetate

(c) CsClO (g) ZnCl(c) CsClO (g) ZnCl2 2

(d) Zirconium sulfite(d) Zirconium sulfite (h) lithium (h) lithium cyanidecyanide

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Naming AcidsNaming AcidsAcidsAcids: A substance that yields hydrogen ions : A substance that yields hydrogen ions

(protons, H(protons, H++) when dissolved in water.) when dissolved in water. HClHCl(aq) (aq) H H++

(aq)(aq) + Cl + Cl--(aq)(aq)

HH33POPO4(aq) 4(aq) 3H 3H++(aq)(aq) + PO + PO44

3-3-(aq)(aq)

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Rules for naming acidsRules for naming acids If the formula does not contain oxygen the prefix of the acid If the formula does not contain oxygen the prefix of the acid

is is hydrohydro and the suffix – and the suffix –icic is attached to the root name for is attached to the root name for the element.the element.

Ex: HCl = hydrochloric acid, HEx: HCl = hydrochloric acid, H22S = hydrosulfuric acidS = hydrosulfuric acid

When the anion contains oxygen, the acid name is formed When the anion contains oxygen, the acid name is formed from the anion name. The suffix –ic or –ous is added. from the anion name. The suffix –ic or –ous is added.

When the anion ends in –When the anion ends in –ateate, the suffix –, the suffix –icic is used. is used. HH22COCO33 = carbonic acid = carbonic acid

When the anion ends in –When the anion ends in –iteite, the suffix –, the suffix –ousous is used. is used. HH22SOSO33 = sulfurous acid = sulfurous acid

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Naming Compounds that Contain Naming Compounds that Contain Only Nonmetals: Type IIIOnly Nonmetals: Type III

Compounds containing only nonmetals:Compounds containing only nonmetals: Form covalent bondsForm covalent bonds share electronsshare electrons

Rules for Naming Type III Binary CompoundsRules for Naming Type III Binary Compounds1. The first element in the formula is named first, and the full 1. The first element in the formula is named first, and the full

element name is used.element name is used.2. The second element is named as though it were an anion.2. The second element is named as though it were an anion.3. Prefixes are used to denote the numbers of atoms present.3. Prefixes are used to denote the numbers of atoms present.4. The prefix 4. The prefix monomono- is never used for naming the first element.- is never used for naming the first element.5. Drop the “a” when it is followed by an “o”5. Drop the “a” when it is followed by an “o”

Tetraoxide should be tetroxideTetraoxide should be tetroxide

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Naming Compounds that Contain Naming Compounds that Contain Only Nonmetals: Type IIIOnly Nonmetals: Type III

Prefixes Used to Indicate Numbers in Chemical NamesPrefixes Used to Indicate Numbers in Chemical Names PrefixPrefix Number IndicatedNumber Indicated mono- 1mono- 1 di- 2di- 2 tri- 3tri- 3 tetra- 4tetra- 4 penta- 5penta- 5 hexa- 6hexa- 6 hepta- 7hepta- 7 octa- 8octa- 8 nona- 9nona- 9 deca- 10deca- 10

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PracticePractice CClCCl44

Silicon dioxideSilicon dioxide NONO22

Sulfur trioxideSulfur trioxide PP22OO55

Iodine pentafluorideIodine pentafluoride Dinitrogen tetroxideDinitrogen tetroxide SeISeI22

Xenon hexafluorideXenon hexafluoride

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The Name GameThe Name Game Extra credit opportunity Extra credit opportunity Mix-and-matchMix-and-match