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Transcript of 1 Introduction to Environmental Science. Instructor Resources Fillable student notes outline: .
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Introduction to Environmental Science
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Instructor Resources
• Fillable student notes outline:http://www.aurumscience.com/environmental/1_introduction/notes_outline.html
• Study guide:http://www.aurumscience.com/environmental/1_introduction/studyguide.html
• Other worksheets and assignments:http://www.aurumscience.com/environmental/1_introduction/index.html
Next Unit: Principles of Sciencehttp://www.aurumscience.com/environmental/2_science/index.html
Written by James Dauray
Written by James Dauray2
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Environmental Science
• What is Environmental Science? How humans interact with nature
• What is the Environment? Conditions that surround living organisms
including climate, soil, and other organisms.
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Environmental Science Cont’d
• Environmental Science is an interdisciplinary field. Includes concepts and
ideas from several different branches of science
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Basic History of Humans and the Environment
• Hunter-Gatherers (10,000 B.C.) Obtain food by collecting plants and
hunting wild animals. • How did they affect the environment?
Hunted and killed animals Picked up and spread plants/seeds to new
areas.
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Basic History of Humans and the Environment
• Agricultural Revolution (6000-7000 B.C.) Humans first developed the process of
breeding, growing, and harvesting plants for food.
• How did this affect the environment? Human population grew quickly Natural habitats (grasslands, rainforests)
replaced by farmland and villages. New breeds of animals and plants were
created.
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Basic History of Humans and the Environment
• Industrial Revolution (1800s) Shift in the source of energy to fossil fuels
• How did this affect the environment? Increased the efficiency of farming Increased the size of cities Introduced plastics, pesticides, fertilizers
and air pollution.
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Spaceship Earth
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Spaceship Earth
• Earth is a Closed System The only thing that enters or leaves the
Earth in large quantities is…?• Problems with Closed Systems
Resources are limited, but the population continues to increase
Wastes do not go away
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Major Environmental Problems
• Resource Depletion Resources can be renewable (water) or
nonrenewable (oil) The supply of fossil fuels and metals will
eventually run out.• Pollution
Undesired change in air, water, or soil that affects the health of living things.
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Major Environmental Problems
• Loss of Biodiversity The number and variety of species is
decreasing. Extinction – Natural or man-made?
The Tasmanian tigermay be the only mammal to becomeextinct in the past 200 years on theisland of Tasmania. During the sameperiod of time, on nearby Australia,as much as 50 percent of all mammalsbecame extinct.
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Environmental Ethics
• Environmental ethics is the discipline that studies the moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment.
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Types of Environmental Ethics
• Five Distinct Stages: Anthropocentric Pragmatic Resource Conservation Moral and Aesthetic Nature Preservation Modern Environmentalism Global Environmental Citizenship
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Hetch Hetchy Valley
• San Francisco in 1903 is experiencing severe water shortages due to a rapidly increasing population.
• The Tolumne river runs through nearby Hetch Hetchy valley.
• Proposal: Dam the river, create a reservoir for water supplies and hydroelectric power. Problem: The valley lies within Yosemite
National Park; public land.
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Hetch Hetchy Valley
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Tolumne River, California
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Build the Dam!
• The nearby people need water, and there are no other practical sources.
• The dam will produce pollution-free renewable electricity.
• The valley will be even more beautiful with a lake.
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Preserve the Valley!
• Hetch Hetchy is on a national park.• The natural ecosystem will be flooded and
destroyed.• The picturesque beauty of the valley will be
ruined.
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Anthropocentrism
• Literally means “human-centered” The protection or promotion of human
interests or well-being at the expense of all other factors.
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Pragmatic Resource Conservation
• Advocated by President Theodore Roosevelt. The environment should
be used in a planned way to benefit everyone.
- Should be used for “the greatest good for the greatest number, for the longest time.”
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Moral and Aesthetic Nature Preservation
• Advocated by John Muir, first president of the Sierra Club.
- Nature deserves to exist for its own sake regardless of degree of usefulness to humans.
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So…What Happened?
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Modern Environmentalism
• Rachel Carson wrote a book entitled Silent Spring about the effects of pesticides on birds. Awakened the public to
threats of pollution and toxic chemicals to humans as well as other species.
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Global Environmentalism
• Increased travel and communication enables people to know about daily events in places unknown in previous generations. Issues and problems are explored on a
global scale instead of a local one.
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Tragedy of the Commons
• According to an ecologist named Garrett Hardin, the main difficulty behind environmental problems is: Short-term interests of individuals
versus…
Long-term interests of the society
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“Tragedy of the Commons”
• A commons is an area that belongs to an entire village. Short-term individual
thinking: Put as many animals in as possible
- Grass becomes depleted!
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• Long-term solution: Divide into fields owned by individuals. Because the land is owned, individuals are much more
likely to care for it in the long-term.
“In the history of the world, no one has ever washed a rental car.” Larry Summers, Chief Economic Advisor to President Obama
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Economics and the Environment
• Supply and Demand – The greater the demand for a limited resource, the higher the price. Examples:
- Increasing price of oil/gasoline
- Consistently low price of corn in U.S.
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Economics and the Environment
• Cost/Benefit Analysis – Is the cost of doing something worth the price? Ex: Pollution cleanup of Waukegan Harbor
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Waukegan harbor
Annual fish samplingDredging
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Economics and the Environment
• Risk Analysis – The probability that something will cause injury or death. Ex: Nuclear power
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The Demographic Divide:Developed and Developing Nations
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Developed and Developing Countries
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• Developed – Higher incomes, industrial economies, slower population growth. Ex: United States, Japan, Europe
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Developing and Developed Countries
• Developing – Have lower incomes, agriculture-based economies, and rapid population growth. Ex: India, Afghanistan,
most of sub-Saharan Africa
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Developing and Developed Countries
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Population and Consumption
• Developing countries tend to have severe overpopulation. This leads to: Deforestation Bare soil Native animals driven to extinction Malnutrition, starvation, disease
• About 80% of the world’s population falls in this category Only use 25% of the world’s resources
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Ecological Footprint
• Amount of space needed to support each person in a nation, including forests, farms, cities, etc.
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The Goal: A Sustainable World
• Sustainability Human needs are met so that the
population can survive
indefinitely. “Meeting the needs of the
present without
compromising the ability of
future generations to meet
their own needs.”- Brundtland Commission, 1987 38