1 Introduction to Chemistry.ppt

8/13/2019 1 Introduction to Chemistry.ppt

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Introduction to chemistry

Chapter 1

Introduction to Chemistry


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1. Chemistry has enabled us to designall kinds of materialssuch as

metals, glass and plastics, which are widelyused in our life.


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2. Using the knowledge of chemistry, wehave created many useful processes. Even the

waterthat we drink would not be safewithout chemical treatment.


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1. Chemistry already existed since ancienttimes. Humans had already known how toextract metals such as copper and iron, andhow to make ceramics and glasses. However,

they did not know the chemical processesinvolved.


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2. The systematic study ofchemistry as a subject onlybegan about 1700 years ago.It revolved around alchemy,an art of transforming

common metals such as leadinto precious metals, such asgold or silver. Even though noone ever succeeded in doingso, a number of important

chemical processes such asdistillation were discovered.

alchemyrefers to both an early form ofthe investigation of natureand an earlyphilosophicaland spiritualdiscipline,both combining elements of chemistry,

metallurgy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science


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3. In fact, the word `chemistry' is believed to originate

from `al-kimiya', the Arabic word for alchemy.


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4. Modern chemistry began to be founded during the 17thcentury. The works of scientists of that time laid the

foundation for today's chemistry. (a) Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist, is considered the

founder of modern chemistry. He did many experiments oncombustion and the composition of water.


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(b) Robert Boyle, an Englishphilosopher, is also consideredas one of the founders ofmodern chemistry. Heseparated chemistry from

alchemy and introducedexperimental methods and ideathat elements are the basicbuilding blocks of matter.


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Robert oyle(Irish: Robaird Bhaoill)(25 January162730 December1691)was an Irishnatural philosopher,chemist, physicist, inventor, and earlygentleman scientist, noted for his work

in physicsand chemistry. He is bestknown for the formulation of Boyle's law.Although his research and personalphilosophy clearly has its roots in thealchemical tradition, he is largelyregarded today as the first modern

chemist, and therefore one of thefounders of modern chemistry. Amonghis works, The Sceptical Chymistis seenas a cornerstone book in the field ofchemistry.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1627http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1691http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosopherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_scientisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sceptical_Chymisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sceptical_Chymisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_scientisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosopherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1691http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1627http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language


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5. Now, chemistry is acknowledged as branch of sciencethat deals with matter.


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1. Chemistry is the study of the composition structure,properties and inter matter.


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2. In chemistry, all matter is considered chemical. Thus,chemicals are not only found in bottles in laboratories, butalso in common substances such as air, water, soil andmetals.


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3. We use chemicals in almost every our life. Here aresome examples.

(a) Sodium chloride is the salt that we use in cooking.

(b) Vinegar is a dilute solution acid (acetic acid). It iswidely used in preserving food.


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(c) Calcium carbonate in the marble tiles is widely used infurniture and flooring.

(d) Lime or calcium oxide is use in the preparation of

cement and mortar.


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(e) Silicon chips are used in a wide range of electronicdevices such as computer, televisions and mobile phones

(f) Pure copper is made into wire due to its extremely

high electrical conductivity.


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4. In chemistry, we study what these chemicals are made

of, what are their properties, how theyinteract among each other and how to use this knowledgeto produce useful new chemicals.


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1. Chemists are found innearly all industries -food, textiles, detergents,paints, water treatmentand others. They are not

only doing analysis workbut also in research anddevelopment (R & D) workto improve the quality ofproducts.


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2. Many other careers rely on the knowledge of chemistry.The following are some of the careers.

(a) Doctor

(b) Biochemist

(c) Bioengineer

A biochemistis a scientisttrained and dedicated toproducing results in the

discipline of biochemistry.Typically biochemists studychemical processes andchemical transformations inliving organisms.Biochemists study chemical

processes andtransformations in livingorganisms.

iological engineering(also biosystemsengineeringand bioengineering) dealswith engineering biological processesin general. It is a broad-basedengineeringdiscipline that also may

involve product design, sustainabilityand analysis of biological systems.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist


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(d) Pharmacist

(e) Pathologist

(f) Nutritionist

Pathologyis the study and diagnosisof diseasethrough examination oforgans, tissues, cellsand bodilyfluids

A nutritionistis a health specialist who devotes his/herprofessional activity exclusively to food and nutritionalscience, preventive nutrition, diseases related to nutrientdeficiencies, and the use of nutrient manipulation to enhancethe clinical response to human diseases.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodily_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodily_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodily_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodily_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease


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(g) Chemical engineer

(h) Food technologist

(i) Forensic scientist

(j) Geologist

(k) Science lecturer

(1) Pollution controller

Forensic science(oftenshortened to forensics) isthe application of a broadspectrum of sciencestoanswer questions ofinterest to the legalsystem.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science


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3. In fact, understanding chemistry is an advantage inalmost all careers.


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1. There are a great number of chemical-based industriesin our country. The main industries and their products areas follows.

Chemical-based

industry

Products

Petroleum

industry

Fuels and petrochemicals such as plastics


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Chemical-based

industry

Products

Palm oil industry Palm oil products such as cooking oil and

margarine


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Chemical-based

industry

Products

Agrochemical Fertilisers and pesticides industry

Rubber industry Rubber products such as tyres and latex gloves


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Chemical-based

industry

Products

Pharmaceutical Drugs used in medicine industry


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Chemical-based

industry

Products

Paint industry Paints, varnishes, inks and dyes

Cosmetic industry Cosmetic products such as cleansers and facial

creams


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Chemical-based

industry

Products

Healthcare

industry

Healthcare products such as food supplements

Detergent industry Detergents and fabric softeners industry

Inorganic industry Chlorine, caustic soda and hydrogen

NaOH


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2. (a) Some of the chemicals produced are directlyused by local consumers in their daily lives. The productshave helped them to improve their health and standard ofliving.

(b) Others are exported overseas, thus earning foreign

exchange for the country.


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3. Some chemical-based industries support otherindustries in the country. For example, the production ofrubber, steel and plastics support our national automobileindustry.


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4. Thus, chemical-based industries contribute greatly toour economy. On top of that, they also provide jobs tomillions of people.


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1. As in all other fields of science, knowledgeof chemistry is gathered through the a

systematic method used by

scientists in their investigations.


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2. Generally, the scientific method starts withcareful observations on a situation. Based onthe observations, an inference is made.


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3. An inference is just a smart guess. Toverify it, a hypothesis is formulated andtested through a carefully planned andcontrolled procedure called an experiment.


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4. The following shows the steps involved inthe scientific method.

Making an observationGathering information about a phenomenon

using our five senses, namely sight, hearing,smell, taste and touch.

What canyouobserved?


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Making an inferenceMaking a smart guess or a tentative explanation

about the phenomenon based on the

observation.

Why the coffee

does notdissolvedcompletely?


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Identifying the problem

Asking a question based on the inference made.

Is the temperature affects the solubility ofcoffee?


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Making a hypothesis

Making a general statement about the relationship between a

manipulated variable and a responding variable to explain thequestion asked.

The higher the temperature the higher thesolubility of coffee in water?


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Identifying the variables

A variable is a factor that affects the results of an experiment.Manipulated variable - the factor that is purposely changed in an

experiment.

Responding variable - the factor that changes with the manipulated

variable.

Controlled variables - the factors that are kept constant throughoutan experiment.


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Controlling the variables

Deciding how to manipulate the chosen variable, what to

measure and how to keep the controlled variables constant.


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Planning an experiment

Determining the list of materials and apparatus, the exact

procedure of the experiment, the method of collecting data andways to analyse and interpret the collected data.


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Collecting data

Making observations or measurements and then recording them

systematically.


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Interpreting the data

Organising and analysing data. Calculations, graphs or charts are

usually drawn to look for any relationship between the variables.


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Making a conclusion

Making a statement about the outcome of the experiment and

whether the hypothesis is accepted or rejected.

The higher the temperature, the faster the coffee dissolved.


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Writing a reportCommunicating the details of the experiment.


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5. Scientific attitudes and noble values should beinculcated in all chemistry investigations. Forexample:

(a) An experiment is planned and carried out

systematically and diligently. (b) All observations and collection of data must be

done honestly and objectively.

(c) Interpretation of data, inferences and

conclusions are made with rational, critical andanalytical thinking.

constant and earnest effort

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