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1. Introduction

2. Fact or Fiction?

3. The Aging Process

4. The Sexual-Reproductive System

5. Health Habits

6. Measuring Health

7. Variations

8. Closing Thoughts

Introduction

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Video:Topic 20

Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact

1. Fifteen percent of all couples in the United States are infertile.

2. Menopause is a time of difficulty and depression for most women.

3. The average level of testosterone in men declines markedly during adulthood.

4. Fifty percent or more of American adults are obese.

4

senescence: A gradual physical decline related to aging.

Senescence

How does a person’s appearance change from childhood through adulthood?

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How does vision change with age?

Changes in Aging VisionAccuracy of vision overall

Age (years)(a) (b)

Age (years)

Ability to focus on a point a foot away

Source: Meisami, 1994.

20/60

20/50

20/40

20/30

20/20

20/10

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

5 15

25

35

45

55

65

presbyopia

7

0 20 40 60 80 100

Organ Reserve

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Video: Signs of Aging in Hearing

FertilityWhat are some causes and treatments for infertility?

Common reason: low sperm count

Anything that impairs the body over a 75-day period and reduces sperm count, shape, and motility (activity)—like fever, radiation, prescription drugs, drug abuse, alcoholism, cigarette smoking

Anything that impairs physical functioning—like certain diseases, smoking, extreme dieting, and obesity

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) that scars tissue and blocks fallopian tubes, preventing sperm from reaching the ovum

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) overcomes obstacles such as low sperm count and blocked fallopian tubes

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is one ART procedure that involves the help of donor sperm, ova, and wombs to help the partner that is infertile or a person with no partner of the other sex

Male cause Female cause Infertility treatments

Infertility

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Fertility

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Video: Infertility and IVF Treatment

Menopause

andropause: A term coined to signify a drop in testosterone levels in older men, which normally results in reduced sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass (also called male menopause).

menopause: The time in middle age, usually around age 50, when a woman’s menstrual periods cease and the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops. Strictly speaking, menopause is dated one year after a woman’s last menstrual period, although many months before and after that date are menopausal.

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What happens to the sexual-reproductive life of men and women in middle age?

Drug Use

How does smoking affect adult health in the United States?

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 2010.

Cigarette Smoking in the United States

Emerging Adults Adults (25-64) Older Adults (over 65)

Men Women

Year

1970 1990 20070

10

20

30

40

50Percent Percent

Year

1970 1990 20070

10

20

30

40

50Percent

Year

1970 1990 2007

0

10

20

30

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Because North American men have been quitting for decades, lung cancer deaths for 55- to 64-year-old males are about half what they were in 1970.

How many adults in the world are obese?

Eating

Source: World Health Organization Global InfoBase, 2010.

Obesity Worldwide: Percent Adults, Age 30 to 100, Whose BMI Is 30 or More

Men

Women

Country

Argentina Australia Brazil Canada ChinaFranc

eGerman

yIndia

Israel

Italy Jamaica

48 32 16 30 5 13 31 3 23 14 10

Obesity Worldwide: Percent Adults, Age 30 to 100, Whose BMI Is 30 or More

Men

Women

Country

JapanMexic

oNew

ZealandNigeria Peru Poland

Russian Federation

South Africa

Spain

United Kingdom

United States

3 37 37 4 24 19 14 11 25 32 50

47 37 32 32 5 11 31 3 37 14 53

2 51 48 11 50 27 35 48 25 34 55

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What can adults do to help prevent common, chronic diseases?

Preventative Medicine

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2009.

Percent of U.S. Residents Who

Say They Exercise at Least Half an Hour a Day

Age 1998

18-24

24-44

45-64

37

32

29

37

33

30

2007

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mortality: Death; usually refers to the number of deaths each year per 1,000 members of a given population.

morbidity: Disease; usually refers to the rate of disease in a given population—physical and emotional, acute (sudden) and chronic (ongoing).How does the United States compare to other countries in life expectancy?

Mortality and Morbidity

Australia

France

Germany

Japan

Mexico

Norway

Poland

Spain

Turkey

United States

United Kingdom

60 70 80 90 60 70 80 90

Life Expectancy at Birth, 2006

Female

Male

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Disability and Vitality

disability: Difficulty in performing normal activities of daily life. vitality: A measure of health that refers to how healthy and energetican individual actually feels.Why do DALY and QALY measurements matter?

DALY calculations measure the reduced quality of life caused by disability

QALY calculations compare mere survival without vitality to survival with good health. A full year of health is a full QALY; people with less than full health have a fraction of QALY each year. Thus, their total QALY is less than the total years they live.

70 years old

DALY: Disability-adjusted life years QALY: Quality-adjusted life years

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x10 % reduced

function

63 DALYs =

70 years old

x100 % vitality

70 QALYs =

Black Hispanic

0

10

20

30

40

50

Ethnicity and HealthWhich U.S. group, on average, is healthier: Those who are foreign-born or native-born?

Risk of Heart Attack in U.S. Immigrants and Native-Born Americans

Pre

vale

nce o

f p

laq

ue (

perc

en

t)

Sourc

e:

Luts

ey e

t al.,

20

08

.

Race/Ethnicity

White

Chinese

Foreign-bornU.S.-born

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From what you learned in this presentation, what are some ways in which senescence influences major life choices for adults between the ages of 25 and 65?

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Closing Thoughts