1 Introduction

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying 1 Basic Geo-Information Systems

Basic Geo-Information Systems and

Geoinformation Systems (including Tutorial)

WS 2014 / 2015

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institut für Geotechnik und Markscheidewesen Abteilung Markscheidewesen und Geoinformation

TU Clausthal

Homepage: http://www.igmc.tu-clausthal.de


Contact information

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Busch Tel.: 05323-72-2076 E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. rer. nat. Steffen Knospe Tel.: 05323 / 72-2794 e-mail: [email protected]


• Lectures: Wednesday, 9:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m. • Lab course: Common introduction ArcGIS: Wednesday, 12th November, 9:00 a.m. – 10:30 a.m. (instead of lecture) Group 1: Wednesday, 10:45 a.m. – 1:45 p.m. Beginning 12th November (every 2 weeks) Room: GIS Lab Group 2: Wednesday, 10:45 a.m. – 1:45 p.m. Beginning 19th November (every 2 weeks)

Room: GIS Lab Group 3 (Tutorial GIS): Friday, 9:15 a.m. – 11:30 a.m. Beginning 14th November (every 2 weeks) Room: GIS Lab

• Basic GIS Written examination: 25th March 2015 (planned), 14:00 – 16:00

Großer Bergmännischer Hörsaal, Erzstr. 20

• Set of printed lecture notes; also downloadable in stud.ip

Information about the course


1. Introduction

2. Geographic Information and spatial data

3. Data modeling

4. Data storage

5. GIS functionality

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Preliminary content of the course


Recommended text books

• Tor Bernhardsen. Geographical Information Systems. 3rd, John Wiley & Sons, 2002 (available in university library) • Michael N. DeMers. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems. 3rd, John Wiley & Sons, 2005 • Michael F. Worboys, Matt Duckham. GIS. A computing perspective. CRC Press, 2nd, 2004 (available in university library)

University Library

Leibnizstr. 2

Not recommended but something special:

Dean E. Gaddy. Introduction to GIS for the Petroleum Industry. PennWell Corporation, Tulsa, Oklahoma 2003

Reso

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You can lend books in the


Additional Selection of Text books

C. P. Lo, Albert K.W. Yeung. Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information Systems. 2nd edition, Pearson Education, Harlow, England, 2007

Ian Heywood, Sarah Cornelius, Steve Carter. An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems. 3rd edition, Pearson Education, Harlow, England, 2006

Paul A. Longley, Michael F. Goodchild, David J. Maguire, David. W. Rhind. Geographic Information Systems and Science. 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2005

David Unwin, David O'Sullivan. Geographic Information Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, 2002

Kang-tsung Chang. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems. 4th edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2008

Markus Neteler & Helena Mitasova. Open Source GIS: A Grass GIS Approach. (Kluwer International Series in Engineering & Computer Science), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002

Keith C. Clarke. Getting Started with GIS. Prentice Hall, 2002. Nicholas Chrisman. Exploring Geographical Information Systems. John Wiley

& Sons, 2002

GIS for Oil & Gas Conference 2005 Proceedings. Geospatial Information & Technology Association (GITA)


1. Introduction

1.1 What is it? 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Purpose of GIS 1.4 Solving a Problem using GIS 1.5 Applications

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GIS stands for 'Geographic Information System'

So it is a special kind of 'information system' IS (used to enter, manage, manipulate, summarize, query, edit, visualize information and to store in computer databases)

As well as an application using special 'geographic information' GI about what is where (typically on or near the Earth's surface) GIS is an integrative technology, because it helps tie many geospatial activities together. In fact, the different geospatial activities are the very thing that helped create GIS in the first place! For example, GIS links many parallel developments such as:

- Computer aided design and drawing (CAD) - Cartography and Surveying / Global Positioning System - Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing / Digital Image Processing - Statistics and spatial data analysis - Information theory and spatial cognition - …

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What is GIS?


Our object is the Real World 1. In

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Abstraction

Digital Model

Simulation

Real World

Presentation

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GIS

Analysis

Our aim is to make a model of this Real World


A Geographic Information System - is a system of (physical view)

- computer software, - hardware, - data, - methods and the - personnel that make it function;

- is a system that make it possible to (functional view)

- acquisition and verification, - compilation, - storage, - management and exchange, - updating and changing, - manipulation, - retrieval and representation - analyses and syntheses

of information that are

- tied to a location, - significant under a certain objective.

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Physical and functional view

Computer Hardware and Software procedures

and methods

Trained Personnel

Specific spatial related problems

and objectives

Spatial data from the 'Real World'

What is a GIS ?


The Components of GIS As a summary of the two views we can notice, that a GIS can be divided into five components: 1. People, 2. Software, 3. Hardware, 4. Data and 5. Procedures.

All of these components need to be in balance for the system to be successful. No one part can run without the other

GIS Data

Software

People

Procedures

Hardware

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The Components of GIS 1. People The people are the component who actually makes the GIS work and can be categorized into: • Viewers are the public at large whose only need is to browse a geographic database for referential material. These constitute the largest class of users. • General Users are people who use GIS to conducting business, performing professional services and making decisions. They include facility managers, resource managers, planners, scientists, engineers, lawyers, business entrepreneurs etc. • GIS specialists are the people who make the GIS work. They include GIS managers, database administrators, application specialists, systems analysts, and programmers. They are responsible for the maintenance of the geographic database and the provision of technical support to the other two classes of users. 1.

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2. Software There are many different GIS software packages available today. All packages must be capable of data input, storage, management, transformation, analysis and output, but the appearance, methods, resources and ease of use of the various systems may be different. Today’s software packages are capable of allowing both graphical and descriptive data to be stored in a single database, known as the object-relational model.

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The Components of GIS

Before this innovation, the geo-relational model was used. In this model, graphical and descriptive data sets were handled separately. The modern packages usually come with a set of tools that can be customized to the users needs.


ESRI products Arc*

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INTERGRAPH

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G/technology … network analysis …


BENTLEY Microstation Geographics

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3. Hardware

Digitizer

Map Scanner

Mouse/ Trackball

Data storage

Plotter

Printer

Communication/ Network

Graphic Workstation/ PC

Data capture

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SPATIAL OBJECT

ATTRIBUTE SPATIAL

DBMS

GIS Database

SPATIAL OBJECT

ATTRIBUTE SPATIAL

DBMS

GIS Database

Temporal

4. Data The data we need to describe a spatial object consist basically of information about • its location and shape (spatial or geometric data) as well as • its properties, capacity and quality (attribute data). To be able to use the all the data solving a spatial problem we have to build up a so called data model and create a database. Perhaps this is the most time consuming and costly aspect of initiating a GIS project.

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4. Data Data capture We can buy data, steal it, download it over the Internet, or collect it ourselves. Ultimately, someone had to gather it from outside a computer and get it inside. It is the 'getting it inside' process that we refer to as acquisition. There are a number of ways of doing this. The basic methods are: • Manual digitizing and • scanning maps • Photogrammetry: * Analytical * Digital (soft-copy) * Airborne Scanning • Remote Sensing • Field Surveys

GPS Electronic

tachometers

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4. Data

Data capture and use of GI data in future ??

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5. Procedures/ Methods Procedures include how the data

• will be retrieved, • get into the system, • are stored, • managed, and edited • transformed, • analyzed, and finally • presented in a final output.

The procedures are the steps taken to answer the question needs to be resolved. The ability of a GIS to perform spatial analysis and to answer these questions is what differentiates this type of system from any other information systems. Another fundamental ability of GIS is map making.

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GIS Data

Model

Network Analysis

Cartographic Output

Modeling Interfaces

Raster Analysis

Geometric Analysis

Visualization

GIS Functions

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Visualization and Spatial Query

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A first example


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Visualization and Spatial Query


Geographic information science (abbreviation is also GIS): • is the science behind the technology

• considers fundamental questions raised by use of systems and technologies • is the science needed to keep technology at the cutting edge

• is a multidisciplinary field • many disciplines contribute to these issues

• e.g. cartography, geodesy, photogrammetry ... • today we should extend the list to include areas like cognitive psychology, spatial statistics

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What is GIS?


The terms 'geomatics' and 'geoinformatics' have different meaning the term 'geomatics' is more popular in Canada and Western Europe; it is a combination of geodesy/surveying, photogrammetry/remote sensing, and specialized software packages like GIS

the term 'geoinformatics‘ means for a lot of people a special part of the applied informatics dealing with the use and the development of special theories and procedures to handle spatial data and solve spatial related problems

The term ‘Geo-Information System’ is an other verbal interpretation of GIS, mostly used in German-speaking countries.

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What is GIS?


Is it 'spatial' or 'geographic'? • 'geographic' has to do with the Earth

its two-dimensional surface its three-dimensional atmosphere, oceans, and as well as the sub-surface

• 'spatial' has to do with any multi-dimensional frame, for instance

medical images are referenced to the human body engineering drawings are referenced to a mechanical object architectural drawings are referenced to a building

• 'geographic' is a subset of 'spatial'

often the terms are used interchangeably geographic data are referenced to a coordinate system

• 'geospatial' is sometimes used

because it sounds more general? http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/giscc/units/u002/

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The disciplines of GIScience * disciplines that have traditionally researched geographic information technologies

• cartography, the science (and art) of map-making • geodesy, the science of accurate measurement of the Earth • surveying, the science of measurement of natural and human-made features on Earth • remote sensing, the science of Earth observation from space • photogrammetry, the science of measurement from photographs and images • image processing, the science of handling and analysis of image data

* disciplines that have traditionally researched digital technology and information

• in general computer science (databases, computational geometry, image processing, pattern recognition), • information science

* disciplines that have traditionally studied the Earth or are related to earth,

• geology • geophysics • agriculture • environmental science • mining, petroleum engineering, • civil engineering and similar engineering disciplines

•and many more These sciences are all potential users of GIS !!

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GIS Definitions

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based information system that enables capture, modeling, manipulation, retrieval, analysis and presentation of geographically referenced data. (Worboys 1995)

A computer system for capturing, managing, integrating, manipulating,

analyzing, and displaying data which is spatially referenced to the Earth. (International GIS Dictionary)

A computer system consisting of hardware and software that utilizes

relational database technology and a topological data structure to allow the integration of raster and vector spatial data with tabular information for display, edit, query, analysis, combination, creation, maintenance, and management of geographic data sets in an environment that is customizable to meet the application needs of the users forming a powerful network of information that facilitates the sharing of data for better decision-making. As well as a … Software for managing spatial (mappable) information

(both ESRI)

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GIS technology has developed from:

• cartography (CAC) and CAD (computer aided design) • Data Base Management Systems (DBMS)

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Data Base Management System

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We need the combination of geographic data and… …

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Chris Buhi 1757 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 2 Christian Carlson 1761 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 1 Chris McGuire 1765 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 2 Dale Loberger 1776 Millbrook Ln 28226 N 6 Donna Buccini 1780 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 2 Doug Ruppel 1537 Sandberry Dr 28226 Y 1 Gary Waters 1541 Sandberry Dr 28226 Y 3 Holly Williams 1200 Yamasee Dr 28210 Y 4 Jim Wojcik 980 Harrowfield Rd 28226 N 1 Jo-Ann Brown 1812 Millbrook Ln 28226 N 2 Joe Rubisch 1090 Overhill Dr 28112 Y 4 Larry Young 1108 Kings Canyon Dr 28226 Y 3 Lee Ross 1605 Bosham Ln 28226 Y 2 Marcia Austin 1429 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 2 Mary Jo Fraley 1432 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 1 Mike Dyer 1430 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 3 Mike Rhoades 1332 Cameron Forest Dr 28173 Y 3 Mike Sweeney 1327 Red Hickory Ln 28173 Y 2 Paul Gallimore 1429 Buckeye Ct 28173 Y 2

… and descriptive data

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Christian Carlson 1761 Millbrook Ln

Jo-Ann Bro 1812 Millbr

Chris McGuire 1765 Millbrook Ln

Donna Buccini 1780 Millbrook Ln

We need Geographic Information

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… and also further descriptive information about a spatial object

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12 AREA PERIM PARCEL# PARCEL-ID PIN -8654365 96432.5 1 0 0

65567.54 75343.2 2 2641 536274 43576.22 46512.9 3 2642 541280 46533.71 50264.2 4 2643 539291

PIN OWNER ADDRESS 536274 Christian Carlson 1761 Mi 541280 Chris Mguire 1765 Mi 539291 Dale Loberger 1767 Mi

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Why is GIS unique? • GIS handles SPATIAL information

– Information referenced by its location in space – Location is defined by coordinates (reference or coordinate system)

• GIS makes connections between activities based on spatial proximity

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The power of GIS The power of a GIS comes from the ability to relate different information in a spatial context. The aim using GIS is to reach conclusions about this relationships. A GIS provides the ability to analyze disparate data sets based on location.

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Most of the information we have about our world contains a location reference, placing that information at some point on the globe. When rainfall information is collected, it is important to know where the rainfall is located. This is done by using a location reference system, such as longitude and latitude, and perhaps elevation. Comparing the rainfall information with other information, such as the location of marshes across the landscape, may show that certain marshes receive little rainfall. This fact may indicate that these marshes are likely to dry up, and this inference can help us make the most appropriate decisions about how humans should interact with the marsh. Therefore, a GIS can reveal important new information that leads to better decision making.


Geology

Hazard Areas

Existing Land Use

Noise Contours

Floodplain

Soils

Vegetation

Surface Hydrology

EIR Study Areas

Environmental Attributes

Planning Study Index Reference

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Wherefore we use a GIS? - APPLICATIONS VIEW -

Types of GIS classified according to the application area addressed: - Consider as alternative names for GIS for special applications - • Cadastral Information System • Image based Information System • Land Information System • Natural Resource Management Information System • Market Analysis Information System • Multipurpose Cadastre • Planning Information System • Property Information System • Soil Information System • Spatial Information System • Spatial Decision Support System • Urban Information System • … and others

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Cadastral Information

System

Image based Information

System

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With parcels of land, estates, property owners, …

Combined with vector data and attributive data



Statistical View

Number of different races of

cattle in the provinces

of the Netherlands

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Wherefore we use a GIS? - APPLICATIONS VIEW - Project GIS: Oil Spill and Contamination

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Wherefore we use a GIS? - APPLICATIONS VIEW - Project-GIS: Mine site; 3D view of a Mine with Well

Data

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1. Introduction


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London cholera epidemic in 1854 One of the first (well documented) GIS solutions was the study of Dr. John Snow about the cholera epidemic in London in 1854. He recorded addresses of cholera victims in a street map of Soho as well as public pumps in this district. It is a famous example of how GIS works and shows the most important factor of GIS at its best. Without the theoretical work of Dr. Snow and his well developed theory of cholera transmission the search for the cholera source failed. But Dr. Snow knows that cholera is transmitted by water, with that knowledge he looked for water sources (sewerage, drinking water pumps, public places … pubs etc.) and was not surprised to find a circular distribution and just one water pump in the centre of the plotted fatal cholera cases. Actually he used 'his GIS' solely to present and visualize his theoretical work on that horrible example to find attention in public and local government. 1.

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Public Pumps about 1850

A historic application


Snow was able to prove his theory. When the pump handle on the Broad Street pump was removed, no new cases were diagnosed. He proved that the pump had been the source and that the cholera was carried in the contaminated water.

Houses with Cholera death Water pumps

Soho

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Circular Area around Broad street pump (a “buffer”)

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A brief description of … How to solve a problem using GIS? A typical GIS workflow: 1. Definition and description of the problem to solve/ the objective of investigation 2. Selection of the Data to use; which data are needed, available and have to be collected 3. Selection of the Software, the methods and functions to apply 4. The Presentation of the result

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How to solve a problem using GIS?

1. Problem description We have an oil rig, a supertanker vessel and bought dozens of petrol stations … What do I need to plan and prepare a running business? A refinery! Next obvious question is where to build it!

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1. Description of the problem to solve: A location problem! Find a site to built a new oil-refinery under consideration of:

• distance and accessibility (highway, oil harbor/ pipeline) • next high voltage power line • restricted areas • cadastre, land use restrictions, costs per m² • soil, groundwater, main wind-direction • acceptance in population • positive corporate headquarter decision

As you can see, the most constraints have a spatial component, they are spatial related thematic information.

Very important is the definition of the accuracy level and scale which you want to

achieve!


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1. Description of the problem to solve: A location problem! To solve this problem without using a GIS you can build a (long, long) list of all

potential sites. Then you can strike out some sites according to constraints and then you may have

to do a lot of distance measurements … … And perhaps, when you finish this … you will find out that either the refinery is already build anywhere or will never

build If you decide to work with maps (even non-digital), you do a GIS job. You are on the best way …


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Contaminated? The oil puddles make

the terrain valuable! Consider the high

oil price !


How to solve a problem using GIS? 2. The Data to use Data are a main part of a GIS application • Data capture (acquisition, input) you can use different sources you have to collect and to create data

• Data decomposition and modeling spatial, topological and thematic components field or object view raster or vector data layer or object structure

What data do I need? How to make data ready for the analyses/ calculations? 1.

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How to solve a problem using GIS? Data capture

• geographic data (a map of:) • coastline • topography • concession area (direction) • country border lines • cadastre • harbors, • existing refineries/terminals

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• geographic data (a map of:) • … • existing refineries own, 3rd party • existing infrastructure terminals, pipelines, highways, power lines etc.

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• market, customer, clients


How to solve the problem? Data capture

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Refinery locations



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Urban regions



• geographic data (a map of:) • coastline • topography • concession area • country border lines • harbors/ existing refineries/ terminals • existing refineries own, 3rd party • existing infrastructure pipelines, highway, power lines etc. • market, customer, clients • cadastre, land use restrictions, costs • natural environmental issues soil, groundwater, habitation etc. • additional thematic information (attributes): • political, public issues • headquarter decision

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Query georeferenced information is the most basic spatial analysis supported by GIS. Location – GIS typically deals with information that is geo-referenced. With the capability to display positional variation and attribute variation in the information, GIS has the unique capability to summarize spatial and non-spatial trends of the information being analyzed. For example, finding all oil fields in Oman that have a production of more than 100.000 and a reserve of 1.000.000 barrel? Proximity – GIS allows users to find geographic objects that are within a specified range of distances. For example, finding all wells that are within 50 miles from the vessel terminal? Adjacency – GIS uses spatial relationship between geographic objects to support queries such as finding those concession areas neighboring area#51 or finding all land parcels next to the building lot of your refinery. Or at first, find neighboring parcels lying at the coast and are for sale (… covering 0.1 km² ...)

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Longevity – GIS also uses attribute data, when containing temporal attributes, to support queries such as finding temporal trends. Multiple criteria evaluation – GIS, through its ability to overlay multiple data sets, supports queries that involve multiple data layers. But information that is not yet available can’t be queried, at first you have to create it using data analysis functions respectively.

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Spatial Analysis • measuring distances think about distance functions: Not in every case we think about distance as “the shortest connection” of two points in natural (Cartesian) space. - spherical distance (on the surface) rather then 3D Euclidian distance - weighted distance, for example pipeline length weighted by

- diameter/flow rate/capacity

- “network” distance, along a track - constrained distance, for example without crossing border line, 3rd party concession area, track with constant (level) height through a hilly landscape - in non-equidistant map projections it is not possible to measure line length in the map; you have to calculate it!

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Spatial Analysis • districting • buffering what and where I could reach? Am I closer to petrol terminals than the others? For environmental issues you have to keep away with your refinery from: … …

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4. Presenting results Is making maps, charts, tables in combination with photos as well as animations

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Coryton refinery


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Pembroke refinery

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Maybe this the place you looked for


1. Introduction



Why do people use Geographic Information Systems in Resource or (specialized in) Reservoir Management?

Exploration Discovering new sources of petroleum ahead of the competition is one of the keys to staying successful in the petroleum industry. A GIS can help you evaluate the potential for oil in promising locations. Exploration requires the analysis of a lot of different types of data such as satellite imagery, digital aerial photo mosaics, seismic surveys, surface geology studies, subsurface and cross section interpretations and images, well locations, and existing infrastructure information. A GIS can tie these data together to the location in question and allow you to overlay, view, and manipulate the data in the form of a map to thoroughly analyze the potential for finding new or extending play potential.

Production To produce found reserves, the company must first understand certain geographic, infrastructure, business conditions, and environmental factors about the area in question. GIS technology is ideally suited to this kind of overlay analysis and can be integrated with other business risk or economic business planning engines to provide a focused business solution toolset. 1.

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Special Application from Oil and GAS Industries

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IHS Energy IHS Energy is the world's leading provider of data for the oil and gas industry. IHS Energy has standardized on ESRI products and provides GIS tools, technology, and services that support data access, integration, and management needs. Industry Focus: • Gas Utility • Oil and Gas Distribution • Oil Exploration/Production IHS Energy provides its data in a number of ways for users: 1. IHS Energy hosts their data in an ArcIMS environment, allowing clients real-time access to the most current data available via internet. 2. IHS Energy has created a number of commercial ArcSDE layers (spatial layers) from their various databases that are available to subscribers for use with their ArcGIS desktop. IHS Energy has built a toolkit that leverages the power of GIS by building, editing, and synchronizing data from multiple commercial and proprietary sources.


Special Application from Oil and GAS Industries IHS Energy IHS Energy clients use the company's data, tools, and analysis to help determine where they should be exploring for oil and gas or to evaluate production performance of existing oil and gas projects or prospects. They also use IHS Energy data and analysis to determine which assets might be appropriate for acquisition or divestiture and which countries or regions they should be entering or exiting based on numerous factors including geological attractiveness, political risk, and business climate. A large part of the data that IHS Energy provides is spatially enabled (e.g., wells, fields, reservoirs, geological structures, block definitions). The resulting product is a thin Web interface (HTML based) that allows users to browse, query, and select the data using a number of relevant, simple tools and export it according to their specific requirements. The Web-based tool gives IHS Energy customers easy access to up-to-date data and information in their favorite application and provides access to spatial and non-spatial data from any Internet capable computer and location without installing specific software. 1. In

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IHS Energy

Petroleum Economics & Policy Solutions (PEPS) information system based on ESRI’s ArcIMS

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Special Application from Oil and GAS Industries IHS Energy … fields and valid contracts …



IHS Energy … political risk classification …

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Saudi Aramco … vessel mapping …

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Saudi Aramco More than 50,000 employees perform a spectrum of jobs ranging from exploration geologists and geophysicists to engineers, project managers, environmental scientists, and deep desert surveyors. All of these jobs rely on technical information that is geographically based. Virtually all of Saudi Aramco's activities on land, air, and sea can be mapped to a physical location and analyzed in a GIS.

company's diverse mission include • Surveying and Exploration • Engineering • Logistics • Planning • Transportation • Utilities/Asset Management • Safety and Emergency Response • Knowledge Sharing • Land Management

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Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.

• to increase its resource base and to reduce its operating costs the corporation believed that satellite image visualization and querying on the PDVSA Intranet was a necessity. • to become an image catalogue but also as a tool to integrate cartographic- and oil- related information. This includes wells, seismic lines, and lease parcels and incorporates a series of spatial analysis functions. • to support its production unit business, PDVSA decided it was necessary to visualize operational surface facilities on its Intranet. Thus was developed the Geospatial Satellite Images Web tool and the Geospatial Surface Facilities Web tool, which enables data visualization, spatial analysis, and integration with cartographic and other petroleum data.

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Integrierte Risikoanalyse für internationale Bauvorhaben. Dazu sollten sowohl geophysikalische Risikofaktoren wie etwa Erdbebengefährdungen entlang der Pipelinetrasse wie auch soziale und politische Aspekte in die Studie einbezogen werden. Dementsprechend wurden ausgewählte Parameter wie Bevölkerungsdichte oder Siedlungsgebiete verschiedener ethnischer Gruppen ebenso kartiert, wie Landbedeckung, Transportinfrastrukturen oder geologische Fakten. Zusätzlich wurde ein im August 2008 von der kurdischen Organisation PKK verübter Sabotageakt unter räumlichen Gesichtspunkte genauestens analysiert. So wurden gewissermaßen im GIS der aus Sicht der Täter ideale Standort für einen möglichen Anschlag auf die Pipeline modelliert.

1 Introduction

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