1- Internet of Smart Thingswwic2008.cs.tut.fi/1-Internet_of_Smart_Things.pdf · The Internet of...

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From Autonomous to Cooperative Distributed Monitoring and Control:

Towards the Internet of SmartSmart Things

ERCIM Workshop on eMobilityTampere, 30 May 2008

Dr. Jorge PereiraEuropean Commission - DG INFSO

Embedded and Control Systems

The opinions herein are those of the author, and in no way commit the European Commission

Dr. Jorge Pereira, EC ERCIM eMobility Workshop2

The Internet of Things

The Internet of Things, ITU Report, November 2005

• “Machine-to-machine communications and person-to-computer communications will be extended to things, from everyday household objects to sensors monitoring the movement of the Golden Gate Bridge or detecting earth tremors.Everything from tyres to toothbrushes will fall within communications range, heralding the dawn of a new era.”

“technologies that will drive the future Internet of Things, including radio-frequency identification (RFID), sensor technologies, smart things and nanotechnology and miniaturization”

In the context of• ubiquitous computing• next-generation networks

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The Internet of Things• “The vast majority of the one billion of Internet connections

worldwide are devices used directly by humans, such as computers and mobile handsets. But we are entering a new age in which thenumber of "things" connected to the internet will be much largerthan the number of "people". The term "Internet of Things" describes the vision of pervasive and "hidden" computing in whichIP-connected devices will be embedded in the environment allaround us. The key technological drivers behind the Internet ofThings are likely to be radio-frequency identification (RFID), sensors, nanotechnology and intelligent systems.

• The Internet of Things requires us to view cyberspace in a differentway. It is always-connected, responsive, adaptive and, above all, omnipresent in all aspects of our lives. The technology is here, but there is a challenge to build new business models and applications that will exploit the new capabilities.”


Trends 1

• Embedded Intelligence: PERVASIVE

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Washing Machine Control


AutomotiveEngine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles

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Avionics• E.g., inertial guidance systems, flight control

hardware/software and other integrated systems in aircraft and missiles


Artificial Limbs

• Artificial arms with semi-functional hands, some even fitted with working opposable “thumbs” plus 2 “fingers”, and legs with shock absorbing feet capable of allowing a trained patient to even run, have become available

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Cochlear Implant

• Improvement of the ability to interact socially


Embedded Shoes

• Adidas produced microprocessor-equipped running shoes, that can adapt to a runner's size, speed and fatigue level.

• At MIT, researchers developed shoes that do everything from providing gait therapy to generating power for wearable electronics.

• Adding embedded intelligence to a running shoe solves a longstanding problem: ever since running gained widespread popularity during the 1970’s, shoe manufacturers have been searching for a way to create an “adaptable shoe” that could provide the appropriate level of cushioning, whether the wearer weighed 50 or 100kg.

• The embedded microprocessor calculates the pressure between the runner's foot and the ground five million times per second and continuously changes the cushioning to match an adjustable comfort level. The computer controls a motor that lengthens and shortens a cable attached to a plastic cushioning element.

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Trends 2

• Connectivity: IMPROVING– increasingly wireless– growing slower in some places– with quite distinct grades of service

• broadband varies tremendously• available wireless technologies


Internet Growth

Nothing as grown as fast

…still a lot to do!

Starting to slow down

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Trends 3

From Person-to-Person…

… to Person-to-Machine…

…to Machine-to-Machine…

A whole different meaning for handshake!

…to Things?


Networking Everyone… and Everything

Appliances &Sensors/Actuators

People &Avatars

Places &Points of Interest

Addressable everything

©JP

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Networking Everyone, Everything…and Anything

Appliances &Sensors/Actuators

&

Things

People &Avatars

Places &Points of Interest

Addressable anything

©JP


Factors of 10: the long-term

1010 Cooperating Smart Things1011 Networked Smart Things1012 Smart Things1013 Things1014 Products

1B10B100B

1T10T100T

The number of communicating data devices will grow from 2.4 billion [in 2004] to 23 billion in 2008 and one trillion by 2012

Krishna Nathan, IBM Research, 2004

versus 109 personal computers1010 mobile phones

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Only Tagging?• The tag or transponder, which

contains an electronic circuit (transponder) is attached to the object that requires a unique identification code. When the tag comes near the reader, the radio frequency (RF) field generated by the reader will power up the tag and cause it to continuously transmit its data by 'pulsing' the radio frequency. The data is then captured by the reader and processed in the back-end by applications like the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) or Supply Chain Management systems.


Challenges 1: What for?

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Challenges 2: Scalability

SCALABILITYCurrent deployments number in the hundred(s)…

…we are aiming at hundred(s) of thousands!

is not trivial!


Challenges 3: Cooperation

• From autonomous (independently operating) to cooperating smart (Monitoring and Control) systems

• Making the most of Heterogeneity and “diversity” in order to improve whatever optimisation is at stake

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Challenges 4: Connectivity

What Connectivity?• Their level of connectivity will vary

tremendously, the same with their requirements

• Most of the traffic will be “peer-to-peer”and remain rather local


Trends 4

• Embedded Intelligence: PERVASIVE + NETWORKED!!!

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Nike iPod Sports Kit

• The wireless kit lets Nike's new Air Zoom Moire shoes send fitness data to the iPod Nano - via a sensor tuck inside the running shoe and a small receiver that attaches to the Nano.

• As you run, the sensor records your distance, time, pace and calories burned in real time and displays data on the Nano. At the push of a button, audio feedback is delivered through Nano's earbuds.


Cooperative Vehicles

SpeedYaw

Engine

Radar

GPSNavigation System

Brake pedalBrake

Steering Angle

ESC

DisplayEngine Navigation

System

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Conclusion 1• Embedded systems are becoming ever more pervasive,

permeating all things and everything:– from (home) appliances– to all sorts of electronic equipment/consumer electronics (videos,

cameras, HiFi)– to vehicles (cars, trains, ships, airplanes)– to industrial, scientific and medical equipment (motor drivers,

monitors)• Miniaturisation (micro-systems, micro and nano-

electronics) and development tools (middleware) andsystem management tools makes them cheaper, easier to integrate, and even more pervasive, infiltrating ever more segments of the economy.


Conclusion 2

• As all this smart things become even smarter, they incorporate enhanced sensing/monitoring and actuation capabilities and are getting increasingly networked. At that stage, the next step can be taken, that of moving from autonomous (non-networked, thus individual) to cooperative (networked, local to global) optimisation/operation/control, and also from homogeneous to heterogeneous sensing/monitoring and control.

• As systems and processes become ever more complex and of increasing scale, this networked heterogeneity(and the ensuing data fusion, modelling, inference and decision making) is the only means to address the control problems that arise across the economy/society.

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Conclusion 3

• In the end, we are talking of smart, networked (mostly wireless) heterogeneous sensors/actuators embedded in everything, for a purpose: optimising the performance of equipment and/or processes by enhancing control

• The tremendous potential of the ensuing Internet of SmartSmart Things is that one can go beyond the “blind” individual, ad hoc optimisation of device performance/elemental processes, to a rather more “all encompassing”end-to-end optimisation of the overarching processes/organisations via cooperation


Monitoring and Control ofLarge-Scale, Networked Smart Systems

WP ’07-08• Networked

Embedded and Control Systems

WP ’09-10• Engineering of Large-

Scale Monitoring and Control Systems

•Wireless Sensor Networks and Cooperating Objects

•Control of Large-Scale Distributed Systems

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