1

Eco-Housing in Asia and the Eco-Housing in Asia and the Pacific RegionPacific Region

Inception cum Training Workshop Inception cum Training Workshop on Eco-housing in Bhutanon Eco-housing in Bhutan

21 – 25 March 200621 – 25 March 2006

2

Population

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Africa Asia and the PacificEurope Latin America and the CaribbeanNorth America West Asia

Nearly two-thirds of world population growth is in AsiaNearly 50 million peoples are being added to Asia every year

Asia & Pacific

3

Population

Population Growth by Sub-region

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

250000019

50

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

Year

Thou

sand

Central Asia

North East Asia

South Asia

South East Asia

Source: World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision

Projected population in Asia: 4.88 billion by 2030

40

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1975 2000 2030

Asia will have an urban population of 2.6 billion by 2030

24%

54%(2.6

billion)

AsiaGrowing

urban proportion

Urbanization

Urb

an

Po

pula

t ion

(Mill

ions

)

37%(1.4

billion)

Source: World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision

5

GDP Growth Forecast

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

World U.S.A. Europe Asia

3.13.1

2.3

6.0

2003-2015

The global economy is expected to grow at 3.1% during the 2002-2015 Asian economy is projected to be growing at 6% during the same period

Source: Global Economic Prospects 2003, World Bank

6

Emerging Middle Class

Middle class (million) based on the number of people who can buy

automobiles

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Asia:2003 China:2003 China:2006

60s and 70s: if a Chinese person wanted to buy a bicycle, he had to save for a few years Now: for some middle class families, it would only take 2 to 3 years to save and buy a car

7

Growing Service Sector

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1960 1998

Share of service sector in

global economy

38%

60%

Projections

8

Urban vs. Rural: Energy Consumption

Energy Consumption

Developed(Germany)(Kw/capita)

Developing(India)

Kw/capita

Average 5 0.6

Urban 6 2

Rural 3 0.3

9

Emissions from mobile source

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2010 2020

EuropeUSA & CanadaAsia

(mil

lio

n m

etr

ic t

on

s p

er

ye

ar)

SO2 emissions2

Mobile sources are the major emitters of NOx,CO,

particulates, and HC, and in addition contribute to SOx,

lead and CO2.

Mobile sources contribution in Shanghai1

CO HC NOxCurrent 75% 93% 44%2010 94% 98% 75%

Source: 1. SEI (2003); 2. www.wri.org

80 million tons

110 million tons

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Impacts of Air Pollution at Different Scales

Indoor

Urban

Regional

Global

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Health impacts of air pollution

Scale of health impacts

Indoor air pollution

Urban air pollution

Regional air pollution

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Health Costs of Air Pollution

Asia1

• An estimated 487,000 premature deaths occur each year due to outdoor air pollution.

China2

• Environmental and health costs of air pollution in China is about 7 % of GDP [budget deficit in 2003 = 3.3% of GDP]5

• Estimates shows that these costs could rise to 13% of China’s GDP by 2020

Bangkok• Health cost of air pollution • $640 million• $800 million by 2020

0

50

100

150

200

Mumbai Metro Manila Jakarta KathmanduValley

US

$ m

illi

on

s (

p.a

.)

Mortality

Morbidity

Economic Implications of Health Impacts4

Source: 1. WHO(2002); 2. State of the World 2003, World Watch Institute; 4. URBAIR project; 5. UN, 2004; 6: NIES, www.nies.go.jp

Exposed to diesel exhaust6

Exposed to clean air6

Bangkok

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Costs of Air Pollution

“An estimated 487,000 premature deaths in Asia occur each year due to outdoor air pollution”1

“ A total of 3,547 persons were killed in international terrorist attacks in 2001”2

Air pollution is becoming a major health threat in Asian cities

1. WHO (2002);2. USDoS(2002)

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Impact: water quantity

Decreasing water table

Increasing temperature

Increasing supply to citie

s

Decreasing supply to agriculture

105 million tons grain short fall

(largest in the record)

2003

Need to produce

105 m tons (2003 short fall)

15 m tons (to feed 74 m people who was added in 2004)

2004

• 3 of the 4 warmest years on record came during the last 4 years

• 2004 projected to be the 5th consecutive year in which the harvest falls short of consumption

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Impact: water quality

Urban centers contribute more than 25% of the sewage in India

• 63% of population in Asia without access to clean water

• Infant mortality rates are 10 to 20 times higher in cities without adequate water and sanitation

16

Import of Petroleum: burden on national budget

Gasoline consumption trends in Shanghai, China3

0

5

10

15

20

25

Oil use

Total Asian Oil Consumption by 2010(Barrel / Day)1

Need to be imported from outside the region [18 – 24 million b/d]

India spends over $3.5 billion on crude petroleum

import annually2.

Source: 1. Harvard International Review (2003); 2. ESCAP Statistical Year Book 2002; 3. M.P. Walsh, US AEP 2000

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Global Primary Energy Use

Source: 1. Volt Viewtech (www.energyloans.org)

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Emissions from residential areas

Average home emit more than twice as much carbon dioxide as the average car1

Source: 1. Volt Viewtech (www.energyloans.org)

9,979 Kg of CO2 /year

4,535 Kg of CO2 / year

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Prevention: Turning the environmental degradation curve

Economic development

Environmental degradation

Prevention measures such as renewable energy sources

Business as usual scenario

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Prevention Vs Mitigation/rehabilitation

Prevention

Costs of damage

Cos

ts o

f im

plem

enta

tion

Mitigation

Rehabilitation

Today 99% efforts

Prevention Mitigation Rehabilitation

99% efforts Tomorrow

Today & Tomorrow

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Hybrids

Reduces

CO2 by 50% CO, HC and NOx by 90% below Japanese standards.

Toyota Prius Hybrid

Price: $20,810 MSRPFuel efficiency: 23 Km / litreSaving: $5,000 over 15 years

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SOLVE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

H2O

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSECONOMIC BENEFITSHydrogen

Energy

SOCIAL BENEFITS

water

• create domestic jobs• electricity to remote areas which

are not in the national power grid

• eliminate our dependence on foreign oil

• solve our balance of payments woes

• export opportunities

• solve our air pollution problems

• eliminate oil spills

• reduce noise pollution

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WATER RESOURCES IN NEPAL

H2O

Nepal is reach in water resources and among the world’s top 5 countries in hydropower potential.

Current use Economic Technical

42,000MW

83,000MW

Hydropower potential in Nepal

Less than 1.2% of

economic potential

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Prevention

Technical measures Technical measures

Legal & financial Legal & financial

Mobility

Housing Technical measures Technical measures

Legal & financial Legal & financial

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Regional Expert Consultation

Knowledge building and education 

Networking

Demonstration Projects

First Expert group meeting; 13 September 2005

3 groups were formed, and each of them are bringing out a white paper on it.

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Work plan for the implementation of Work plan for the implementation of Demonstration ProjectsDemonstration Projects

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Objectives

General Objective:promote eco-friendly buildings.

Specific Objectives:1. demonstrate the suitability and technological

feasibility.

2. create awareness about the sustainability of eco-friendly buildings, leading to their wider acceptance and use.

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Demonstration Project: Scope

i) Regional expert group

ii) Develop generic designs for the different climatic zone and economic groups

iii) Assist in constituting a National Task Force (NTF)

iv) Design tailored to each of the selected countries

v) Enhance the capacity of national technical committee

vi) Assist in the construction in selected countries

vii) Facilitate wider dissemination of the demonstrated concept

viii) Promotion in other countries of the region

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Scope

Phase 1: Development of guidelines and design

Phase 2:Training and construction

Phase 3:Evaluation and dissemination

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Phase 1: Development of Guidelines and Design

1. Generic guideline

2. National Inception workshop

3. Site specific guideline

4. Training selected local architects

5. Detailed design by the local architects

6. Review and finalization of the design

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Phase 2: Training and Construction

1. Identify builders for implementing the construction

2. Implement the demonstration project with participation of entrepreneurs and local stakeholders Site specific guideline

3. Training as appropriate

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Phase 3: Evaluation and Dissemination

1. Hand over the building to users

2. Select agency for upkeep and maintenance of the facilities

3. Evaluate the impacts of the project with respect to select indicators and make Scenarios for the future based on the project outcomes

4. Prepare a compendium on the results of the project and dissemination

33

Potential Partners

National Authority

Implementing Agency

Local Authorities

Local architects

Regional architects

International Agency

34

Implementation Arrangement

National

National Focal Points

National Implementing Agencies

National Task Force

Regional

Steering Committee

Regional Expert group

Guidance

Technical input

Actual construction

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Regional Training Programme

Maldives Sri Lanka Indonesia

National WS National WS National WS

Site Selection Site Selection Site Selection

Regional Training

Site Specific Design

Site Specific Design

Site Specific Design

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Thailand: Change of Policy on Sustainable Thailand: Change of Policy on Sustainable Urbanization Urbanization

ECO-HOUSING

In 2005, the Thai Cabinet approved a project for an eco-city, as a joint venture between the Natural Resources and Environment Ministry, Thailand and UNEP

GREEN VEHICLESOn July 27, 2004, the Cabinet approved a new vehicle excise tax structure to

promote eco-friendly vehicles

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New vehicle excise tax structure in ThailandNew vehicle excise tax structure in Thailand

Old Tax

(%)

New Tax

(%)

Passenger Cars

0-2,000 cc

2,001-2,500 cc

2,501 – 3,000 cc

>3,000 cc or >220hp

35

35,41

41

48

30

35

40

50

Energy saving vehicles

Hybrid electric/electric powered / fuel cell powered

35 to 48 10

Vehicles which use natural gas or fuel with at least 20% Ethanol mixed

35 to 48 20

Source: www.krc.co.th

38

Eco-Towns in JapanEco-Towns in Japan

Reduce environmental impacts throughout the entire spectrum of activities

Recycling not only within Individual industrial firms but also among the firms

The Concept of Kawasaki Eco-Town

Source: www.kawasaki-net.ne.jp