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IMMIGRATION

&

URBANIZATION

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•WAVES OF IMMIGRATION

•GETTING TO AMERICA

•IMMIGRATION CENTERS

•CHARTS ON IMMIGRANT STATISTICS

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WAVES OF IMMIGRATION

1815-1860----5 MILLION IMMIGRANTS MAINLY FROM ENGLAND, IRELAND, GERMANY, SCANDINAVIA, AND OTHER PLACES IN NORTHWESTERN EUROPE

1865-1890----10 MILLION IMMIGRANTS MAINLY FROM NORTHWESTERN EUROPE

1890-1914----15 MILLION IMMIGRANTS CAME FROM EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE. THEY WERE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN, TURKISH, LITHUANIAN, RUSSIAN, JEWISH, GREEK, ITALIAN AND ROMANIAN

Why did people want to move to U.S.?

• Lure of promise of better life

• Escape famine, land shortages, religious or political reasons

• New start

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RED DOTS ILLUSTRATE EMIGRATION IN 1900, BROWN CIRCLES, 1920

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CHART OF IMMIGRATION

1820 TO 1980

1900

Todays the illegal immigrant population is over 11 million.

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ADVERTISEMENTS FOR TRAVEL TO AMERICA

Cost about 15$

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COMING TO AMERICA

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STEERAGE: THE

CHEAPEST WAY TO COME TO AMERICA

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ELLIS ISLAND IMMIGRATION CENTER, NEW YORK CITY

What happened at Ellis Island

• Processing could take 5 hours or so.• Pass physical exam

– No diseases

• Criminal background check• At least 25$• Pass mental tests (pg 257)• Single women could not enter country

• 17 million went through here13

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NATIVISMCHINESE

EXCLUSIONACT

AMERICANPROTECTIVE

ASSOCIATION

INCREASEDIMMIGRATION

REACTIONS TO INCREASED

IMMIGRATION

Nativism

• Overt favoritism towards native born Americans.

• Gave rise to anti-immigrant groups– Literacy tests for immigrants (40 words or

more of english)– Anti Asian groups– Chinese Exclusion act of 1892– Gentleman’s Agreement

• Japanese children segregated in school16

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INTENDED EFFECT OF

THE CHINESE

EXCLUSION ACT OF 1882

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KNOW-NOTHING Political PARTY PLATFORM, MID

1850s goal:

1.Stop immigration

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• What is difference between urban and rural?

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URBAN STREET SCENE EARLY 20TH CENTURY

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NEW INVENTIONS that MADE RAPID URBAN GROWTH POSSIBLE?

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HENRY BESSEMER INVENTOR

OF THE BESSEMER PROCESS

MAKING STEEL USING THE BESSEMER PROCESS

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PASSENGER ELEVATOR MADE WORKING AND DOING BUSINESS IN TALL BUILDINGS MUCH

EASIER

ELISHA OTIS, INVENTOR OF THE FIRST

PASSENGER ELEVATOR

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RAPID TRANSIT IN THE 19TH CENTURY

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MASS TRANSPORTATION

MOVES UNDERGROUND WITH THE FIRST

SUBWAYS

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BROOKLYN BRIDGE

BROOKLYN BRIDGE, 1883, LONGEST STEEL SUSPENSION BRIDGE IN THE WORLD, 1600 FEET. ALLOWED NEW YORK TO EXPAND AND BECOME THE RICHEST AND LARGEST CITY IN THE UNITED STATES.

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LATE 19TH CENTURY

SKYSCRAPER BY THE ARCHITECT LOUIS SULLIVAN

One of the first

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NEW YORK, 1903

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IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORHOODS IN

NEW YORK CITY: LATER HALF OF THE

19TH CENTURY

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HESTER STREET, NYC

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Urban Problems• Housing-

– Buy or rent?– Tenements: multi family dwellings

• Transportation• Water

– Indoor water plumbing was rare– Cholera

• Poor Sanitation– Sewer lines not in place till 1900

• Crime and Fire33

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PROBLEMS IN THE NEW CITIES

Cholera

• Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking or eating water or food that has been contaminated by the diarrhea of an infected person or the feces of an infected. The severity of the diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance and death in some cases.

• Worldwide it affects 3–5 million people and causes 100,000–130,000 deaths a year as of 2010[update]

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POOR SANITATION

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NO ONE KNEW WHAT CAUSED YELLOW FEVER

Yellow Fever

• Yellow fever is caused by a virus that is spread by the mosquito.

• Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)

• Abdominal pain and vomiting, sometimes blood • Decreased urination • Bleeding from your nose, mouth and eyes • Heart dysfunction (arrhythmias) • Liver and kidney failure • Brain dysfunction, including delirium, seizures and coma

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1914 POSTER FOR A MOVIE ON THE JUNGLE

COVER OF THE NOVEL

UPTON SINCLAIR

Wrote The Jungle

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UPTON SINCLAIR'S PORTRAYAL OF THE UNSANITARY CONDITIONS IN MEAT PACKING PLANTS LED TO THE

PASSAGE OF THE PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT OF 1906

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THE WHOLE FAMILY WORKS TO MAKE ENDS MEET, 1908

Before disability and workman’s comp

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EDUCATION WAS NOT mandatory AND MOST CHILDREN WORKED IN FACTORIES

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LIFE WAS ALSO HARD FOR CHILDREN IN RURAL AREAS

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POLITICAL MACHINES AND CORRUPT CITY BOSSES CONTROLLED CITIES

TAMMANY HALL, NYC

The Political Machine

• With rapid growth in new cities, there was a much needed new power structure, the Political machine.– Organized group that controlled the activities

of a political party, and offered services to voters in exchange for political and financial support.

• A pyramid of power • read pg 268

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Political boss

• Controlled everything in the city, and influenced everyone.

• Usually former immigrants who helped immigrants in exchange for votes.– Get housing, citizenship, jobs

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The corruption of political machines

• When loyalty of voters was not enough they turned to fraud.– Creating fake names

• Grafting-illegal use of political influence for personal gain.– Gambling, construction contracts, accepted bribes – Boss Tweed: built a courthouse for 13$ million

when it only cost $3 million– Give examples

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•Science and urban life

•Expanding Public education

•Segregation and discrimination

New technology and impact

• A revolution in Printing– By 1900, 90% of population was literate

• Airplanes– Wright Brothers in 1903 flew 120 feet– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wfyvspnko04

Within 2 years flew 24 miles and by 1920 U.S. had first airmail service

*Photography- George Eastman in 1888 introduced the Kodak Camera

camera cost $25 had 100 pics and $10 to develop film

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Expanding Public Education

• Very few students went to high school in late 1800’s

• Between 1865 and 1895 laws required students from the age of 8 to 14 to go to school

• By 1900 High school became more important but only 3% of African Americans attended H.S.

• 2.3% of Americans attended college 50

Higher Education for African Americans

• After civil War, thousands of free African Americans desire an education.

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Gaining more rights for African Americans

• Booker T Washington– Believed that racism would end once blacks

acquired useful labor.

• W.E.B. Du Bois– First African American to receive a doctorate

from Harvard• Thought blacks should get liberal arts degrees so

that the African American community would have well educated leaders.

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Segregation and Discrimination

• Voting Restrictions– Poll tax: tax that had to be paid before you

could vote– Grandfather clause: if your grandpa was

eligible to vote before Jan 1 1867 you could vote.

– Literacy test

• What was the goal of white citizens?53

Jim Crow laws

• Southern states passed racial segregation laws.– Public facilities (bathrooms, schools,

restaraunts, parks, etc..)

• Plessy vs. Ferguson– Supreme court case that ruled that

segregation was legal

(Worksheet partner work)54

The Dawn of Mass CultureChapter 8 Sec 4

Americans had more time for leisure activities around 1900

-amusement parks (Coney Island)

-sports (Baseball and boxing) were king

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AMERICANS BEGAN TO HAVE LEISURE TIME

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SPORTS BECAME

ACCESSIBLE FOR ALL

AMERICANS

Spread of mass culture

• Mass circulation of newspapers– By 1898 majority of people in American got news

from the newspaper

• New ways to sell goods– Shopping centers– Department stores– Advertising – Catalogs

• Sears and Roebuck58

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NEW TECHNOLOGIES

CREATED CONVENIENCES:

ICE BOX AD

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