1 How High is High Performance Transaction Processing? Jim Gray, Microsoft Research HPTS 99...

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How High is High Performance Transaction Processing?

Jim Gray, Microsoft Research

HPTS 99

Asilomar, CA 1 Oct 1999http://research.Microsoft.com/~Gray/Talks/

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Outline

• Sizing the business: 0B$ or 1T$?

• TP is dead: long live HTTP-XML– i.e. TP monitors morph to web servers.

• Transactions are C2C (b2b not enough)

• Scaleability terminology if there is time.

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Where are we? Where are we headed

(will we run out of transactions)?

1Ktps = 80 Mtpd

What’s Current tpd demand?

What’s Ultimate tpd demand?

•We started out to do 1,000 transactions per second

•1985 Datamation article

tpd

time

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TpcA• 1998:

– 208 DebitCredit @ 45 k$/tps (Tandem 32x T16)

• 1991 Sept– 212 tpsA @ 16,331 $/tpsA (Tandem 64xCLX)– 62 tpsA @ 11,945 $/tpsA (Rdb 6xVAX)

• 1993 Sept– 1,002 tpsA @ 9,313 $/tpsA (Oracle 32x Sequent)– 529 tpsA @ 6,341 $/tpsA (Rdb 4xAlpha)

• 1995 Peak – 3,692 tpsA @ 4,873$/tpsA (Rdb 20x Alpha)– 662 tpsA @ 4,401 $/tpsA (Rdb 4xAlpha)

• 1999 guess– 4,000 tpsA @ 200 $/tpsA = (= 320 M tpd) PER NODE!!

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TPC C Progress• Jan 1993:

– 23 tpmC @ 2.3k $/tpmC

– 269 tpmC @ 3.0k $/tpmC

• Nov 1995:– 2,455 tpmC @ 242 $/tpmC (SS 4x P5 133)

– 11,456 tpmC @ 286 $/tpmC (Oracle 8xAlpha 350)

• Sept 1997– 12,026 tpmC @ 40 $/tpmC (SS 6x P6 200)

– 39,469 tpmC @ 95 $/tpmC (Sybase 16xHPPA 200)

• Sept 1999– 40,368 tpmC @ 19 $/tpmC (SS 8xIntel 550)

– 135,461 tpmC @ 97 $/tpmC (Oracle 4x24 Sparc 400)

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Prediction• 1 MtpmC @ 10$/tpmC in 3 years (or tpcC disappears)

– 25 M$ of stuff today– 8 M$ of stuff in 3 years

• That’s ~ 3 Btpd at much less than 0.01$/tpd a PENNY PER tpd.

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How Many tpds Are There?

• 10 second think time

• 12 hour days

• 5,000 tpd/person

• 6 billion people

• 30 Ttpd – actual guess is 100x less than that – People think slower, work/play less– Not everyone is wired

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Where Are We?

• Market is not saturated1998 IBM annual report:

20 Btpd on IBM systems (0.1% of demand).

• It’s a big market 40k tpmC @20$/tpmC

~ 100 Mtpd @ 1M$ (a penny per tpd) So: 30 Ttpd ~ 300B$ industry for hw/sw

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Wow!! 300 B$ Business, GREAT!!

• But….– What about my 100x over-estimate?

• A 3B$ business?

– What about Moore’s law: 2x decline/year?• A 0B$ business?

• Time to find a second career?

• Go into services/consulting/operations?• Count on shadow transactions?

every human transaction = 100 shadow transactions (B2B)

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Conclusion: Sizing traditional TP

• It’s a big business now and for a while

• But people will be limited to 30 Ttpd– Ultimately a 0B$ industry

• A penny per tpd today (a microdollar per transaction)

• Web nearing commercial TP rates

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Outline

• Sizing the business: 0B$ or 1T$? (30 Ttpd)




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A Brief History of Computing• In the beginning there was batch.

– Automated back office

• Then came Timesharing/OLTP– Automated front office

• Then came the web– Automated the customer

• Then came ?– Automated the process– Computers talk to computers

We are here

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Some busy web servers

• AOL: ~ 3 B hits per day (~3B tpd)

• Yahoo: ~ 1 B hits per day

• Top 10: ~ 6 B hits per day

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So, What happened

to the TP monitor?

• AOL NaviServer/IRIX• Yahoo Apache/FreeBSD, IIS/NT• MSN IIS/NT• Hotmail Apache/FreeBSD• IBM Domino/AIX• Compaq IIS/NT• Dell IIS/NT• ATT Netscape/Solaris• Lucent Netscape/IRIX• Cisco Netscape/Solaris• Oracle Oracle/Solaris• NASDAQ IIS/NT• NYSE Netscape/AIX• FedEx Netscape/Solaris• LL BeanNetscape/AIX• Schwab Netscape/Solaris (!!!)• Etrade Netscape/Solaris• Ebay IIS/NT• Amazon Netscape/DEC Unix

• ??? CICS/NT• ??? CICS/AIX• ??? CICS/OS390• ??? Tuxedo?

• !!!! Yes, there are HTTP-SNA front ends, but… why??

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Body Count• 7 M servers (IP addresses)

– Minus squatters– Plus servers behind the firewall– Plus Intranets

Courtesy of Netcraft http://www.netcraft.com/survey/

http://www.netcraft.com/survey/



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How many TP monitors are there?• Guess: 100,000 nodes

– (CICS, CICS, CICS, Tuxedo, IMS, Encina, ACMS, Pathway, …)

• IBM estimate of 20 B tpd on IBM gear is impressive– equal current Internet traffic (ignore intranets).

– At mainframe prices (200$/tpmC) ~ 0.25$/tpdC ~ 4 B$ seems very conservative

– Installed base ~ 150B$, so suggests ~ 1 T tpd• Or transactions MUCH bigger than tpmC

• Or low utilization (peak:average is 10:1 ?)

• Or, systems not doing TP.

• Or, more expensive

• Probably, most of these statements are true

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Claim: Climbing the value chain TP = ORB = HTTP = Tplite = RPC =IPspray

• TP monitors multiplex clients to servers & manage servers• ORBs multiplex invocations to methods and…• HTTP servers multiplex GET/POST to pages and…• TPlite multiplex clients to stored procs and…• RPC multiplex callers to callees and…

– They are stealing our tp tricks.

• The revenge of TPlite: – It’s 3 tier, but your/my stuff

is not in the middle tier.

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Web servers are behind but…• They are learning about manageability.

• They are learning about functionality

• Take a page from the OO vs OR war:– Easier to add Objects to a DB – Than add DB to Objects.

• Guess:– Easier to add HTTP to TP– Than to add TP to HTTP

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Web Servers are Learning TP Tricks• Multiplexing server pools:

– Fast CGI

– COM+ connection pooling

• Client context– Cookies

– Sessions

• Load balancing (various)• Security (SSL, certificates, CR,…)• High availability

– Failover, IP mobility, Redirection,…

• Queuing

1-ball 2-ball 1-ball 2-ball 1-ball 2-ball 1-ball 2-ball

1P

2P

4P

8P

1 year’s progress

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Outline





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The birth of C2C

• So, if the Person2Computer business is 0B$ (30 Ttpd)

• Then the B2B business (shadow transactions) is 100B$ – Great, but what about Moore’s law

• Solution: – C2C transactions: computers to computers– No people involved!– Ultimate automation.– Smart dust (Avagadro’s number of users)

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C2C TP (actually making it work)• Interop is key (no people to do format translation).• Use a STANDARD protocol

– No IBM/Microsoft/Intel “standard”

• Standard protocols:– HTTP++ (get/post/queue/dequeue)

– XML for data format

– Transactions and queues

– Authentication/Authorization (certificates/signatures)

– Pico-pricing

• Does this sound like B2B?

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User Productivity:one person generates 1K C2C*

transactions * computer to computer

• No obvious limit to the number of tps.

• Obvious need for transaction properties– That’s how social systems work (transactions).

• So, its not a 0B$ industry (thank goodness!)

• But, its not your father’s TP monitor.

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Some sample XML(outer frame of this talk in XML)

<xml xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:p="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:powerpoint"> <p:presentation> <p:... slots="title,body,dateTime,footer,slideNumber"> ... </p:master> <p:slide id="1" href="slide0001.htm" layout="title_subtitle" slots="centerTitle,subTitle"/> ... <p:viewstate type="slideView" slidehref="slide0030.htm"/> <p:font name="Times New Roman" charset="0" type="4" family="18"/> <p:headersfooters noheader="t"/> <p:pptdocumentsettings framecolors="WhiteTextOnBlack" hideslideanimation="t"/> </p:presentation> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="34820"> <o:colormru v:ext="edit" colors="#3cc,#09f,fuchsia,#6f3,#ff6"/> <o:colormenu v:ext="edit" fillcolor="#ff6"/> </o:shapedefaults></xml>

Go here for DTDs

• Anyone can define anything.

• “When I use a word it means exactly what I want it to mean, nothing more and nothing less.”

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Yes, but…..• XML is WONDERFUL! • But.. XML is no panecea.• XML uses DTDs

Syntax & presentation, not schema, not semantics!!!• DTDs as a competitive advantage

– SAP will publish its DTDs – Defines customer, employee, … (all business objects)– Other vendors will “compete” for these definitions– Lassettre’s Dog: (www.ibm.com/dog, www.jim.com/dog, ….)

no ‘www.top.org/dog’

• World needs a global schema– Data + Methods (= semantics)

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Oh!! And by the way….

• B2B and C2C need workflow– Scripts– Execution– Status

• Good luck….

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Summary• People are a 30 Ttpd business

• B2B is a 3 Ptpd business – (shadow transactions)

• C2C is an infinite business (smart dust)• The web servers are coming! The web servers are coming!

• XML needs schema definitions– Syntax + Semantics.– Formats + Protocols + workflows

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Outline





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Terminology for scaleability

• Farms of servers:– Clones: identical

• Scaleability + availability

– Partitions: • Scaleability

– Packs• Partition availability via fail-over

Farm

Clone Partition

Pack

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Unpredictable Growth

• The TerraServer Story:– We expected 5 M hits per day– We got 50 M hits on day 1– We peak at 15-20 M hpd on a “hot” day– Average 5 M hpd after 1 year

• Most of us cannot predict demand– Must be able to deal with NO demand– Must be able to deal with HUGE demand

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An Architecture for Internet Services?

• Need to be able to add capacity – New processing

– New storage

– New networking

• Need continuous service– Online change of all components (hardware and software)

– Multiple service sites

– Multiple network providers

• Need great development tools– Change the application several times per year.

– Add new services several times per year.

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Premise: Each Site is a Farm • Buy computing by the slice (brick):

– Rack of servers + disks.

• Grow by adding slices– Spread data and

computation to new slices

• Two styles:– Clones: anonymous servers– Parts+Packs: Partitions fail over within a pack

• In both cases, remote farm for disaster recovery

SwitchedEthernet

SwitchedEthernet

www.microsoft.com(3)

search.microsoft.com(1)

premium.microsoft.com(1)

European Data Center

FTPDownload Server

(1)

SQL SERVERS(2)

Router

msid.msn.com(1)

MOSW estAdmin LAN

SQLNetFeeder LAN

FDDI Ring(MIS4)

Router


Building 11

Live SQL Server

Router

home.microsoft.com(5)

FDDI Ring(MIS2)


activex.microsoft.com(2)


register.microsoft.com(2)

msid.msn.com(1)

FDDI Ring(MIS3)



msid.msn.com(1)

FDDI Ring(MIS1)




msid.msn.com(1) Primary

Gigaswitch

SecondaryGigaswitch

Staging Servers(7)


support.microsoft.com(2)

register.msn.com(2)

The Microsoft.Com Site

MOSWest

DMZ Staging Servers

\ \Tweeks\Statist ics\LAN and Server Name Info\Cluster Process F low\MidYear98a.vsd12/15/97

Internet

Internet

Log Processing

All servers in Building11are accessable fromcorpnet.

IDC Staging Servers

Live SQL Servers

SQL Consolidators

Japan Data Centerwww.microsoft.com

(3)premium.microsoft.com(1)

HTTPDownload Servers

(2) Router


SQL SERVERS(2)

msid.msn.com(1)

FTPDownload Server

(1)Router

Router

Router

Router

Router

Router

Router

Router

Internal WW W

SQL Reporting





support.microsoft.com(1)

Internet

13DS3

(45 Mb/Sec Each)

2OC3

(100Mb/Sec Each)

2Ethernet

(100 Mb/Sec Each)

cdm.microsoft.com(1)

FTP Servers

DownloadReplication

Ave CFG: 4xP6,512 RAM,160 GB HDAve Cost: $83KFY98 Fcst: 12





Ave CFG: 4xP6512 RAM28 GB HDAve Cost: $35KFY98 Fcst: 17 Ave CFG: 4xP6,

256 RAM,30 GB HDAve Cost: $25KFY98 Fcst: 2





Ave CFG: 4xP6,1 GB RAM,180 GB HDAve Cost: $128KFY98 Fcst: 2









FTP.microsoft.com(3)




Ave CFG: 4xP6,1 GB RAM,160 GB HDAve Cost: $83KFY98 Fcst: 2

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Scaleable SystemsScale UP and Scale OUT

• Everyone does both.

• Choice is – Size of a brick– Clones or partitions– Size of a pack

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Everyone scales outWhat’s the Brick?

• 1M$/slice– IBM S390?– Sun E 10,000?

• 100 K$/slice– Wintel 8X

• 10 K$/slice– Wintel 4x

• 1 K$/slice– Wintel 1x

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Clones: Availability+Scalability• Some applications are

– Read-mostly – Low consistency requirements– Modest storage requirement (less than 1TB)

• Examples:– HTML web servers (IP sprayer/sieve + replication)– LDAP servers (replication via gossip)

• Replicate app at all nodes (clones)Replicate app at all nodes (clones)• Spray requests across nodes.• Grow by adding clones• Fault tolerance: stop sending to that clone.• Growth: add a clone.

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Facilities Clones Need• Automatic replication

– Applications (and system software)

– Data

• Automatic request routing– Spray or sieve

• Management:– Who is up?

– Update management & propagation

– Application monitoring.

• Clones are very easy to manage:– Rule of thumb: 100’s of clones per admin

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PartitionsPartitions for Scalability• Clones are not appropriate for some apps.

– Statefull apps do not replicate well

– high update rates do not replicate well

• Examples– Email / chat / …

– Databases

• Partition state among servers • Scalability (online):

– Partition split/merge

– Partitioning must be transparent to client.

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Partitioned/Clustered Apps• Mail servers

– Perfectly partitionable

• Business Object Servers– Partition by set of objects.

• Parallel Databases • Transparent access to partitioned tables• Parallel Query

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Packs for Availability• Each partition may fail (independent of others)

• Partitions migrate to new node via fail-over– Fail-over in seconds

• Pack: the nodes supporting a partition– VMS Cluster– Tandem Process Pair– SP2 HACMP– Sysplex™– WinNT MSCS (wolfpack)

• Cluster In A Box now commodity

• Partitions typically grow in packs.

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What Parts+Packs Need• Automatic partitioning (in dbms, mail, files,…)

– Location transparent

– Partition split/merge

– Grow without limits (100x10TB)

• Simple failover model– Partition migration is transparent

– MSCS-like model for services

• Application-centric request routing• Management:

– Who is up?

– Automatic partition management (split/merge)

– Application monitoring.

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Always UP: Farm pairs• Two farms

• Changes from one sent to other

• When one farm failsother provides service

• Masks– Hardware/Software faults– Operations tasks (reorganize, upgrade move

– Environmental faults (power fail)

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Services on Clones & Partitions

• Application provides a set of services

• If cloned: – Services are on subset of clones

• If partitioned:– Services run at each partition

• System load balancing routes request to – Any clone– Correct partition.– Routes around failures.

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Cluster Scenarios: 3- tier systems

Web Clients

A simple web site

Front End

Web File Store SQL Temp State

SQL Database

Packs for availability

Clones for availability

Load BalanceLoad Balance

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ClonedPacked

file servers

Packed Partitions: Database Transparency

Cluster Scale Out Scenarios

SQL Temp StateWeb File StoreA

ClonedFront Ends(firewall, sprayer,

web server)

SQL Partition 3

The FARM: Clones and Packs of Partitions

Web Clients

Web File StoreBreplication

SQL DatabaseSQL Partition 2 SQL Partition1

Load BalanceLoad Balance

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Talk 2 (if there is time)

• Terminology for scaleability

• Farms of servers:– Clones: identical

• Scaleability + availability

– Partitions: • Scaleability

– Packs• Partition availability via fail-over

Farm

Clone Partition

Pack

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