1. History, Approaches & Methods of Psychology. History of Psychology 1.2. Approaches: Biological,...
Transcript of 1. History, Approaches & Methods of Psychology. History of Psychology 1.2. Approaches: Biological,...
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1. History, Approaches &Methods of Psychology
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1.1. History of Psychology
1.2. Approaches: Biological, Behavioral, Cognitive, Humanistic, Psychodynamic
1.3. Research Methods: Experimental, Clinical, Correlational
1.4. Ethics in Research
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1.1. History of Psychology
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• What is Psychology? • Psyche – Greek word for mind,
spirit, or soul • Ology
–Greek word for “study of”
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• Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes
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• Structuralism–Wilhelm Wundt •1879 First Psychology Lab in Leipzig, Germany
–Introspection
• Functionalism–William James
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1.2. Psychological Approaches
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• Biological approach
– physiological and biochemical explanation of behavior
– behavior as a result of genes, nervous system, hormones, neurotransmitters and other biological functions
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• Behavioral approach– learned responses to
predictable patterns of external stimuli
– Pavlov’s classical conditioning
– Skinner’s operant conditioning
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• Psychodynamic approach– Sigmund Freud
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• Psychodynamic approach
– Unmet needs/unresolved conflicts from childhood determine personality
– Behavior as a result of unconscious, attachment and interpersonal connection
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• Psychodynamic approach– Sigmund Freud
• id, ego, superego
• defense mechanisms
• sexual and aggressive urges drive behavior, thoughts and feelings
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• Cognitive approach
– Developed in reaction to behaviorism (focused on observable events)
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• Cognitive approach
– Behavior as a result of “expectations”, “feelings” and “thoughts”
– Study problem solving, attention, memory and other thought processes
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• Humanistic approach
– developed in reaction to Behaviorist and Psychodynamic models
– people are motivated by desire for growth and development
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• Humanistic approach
– Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs• Self actualization
– Carl Rogers-believed people are basically good• unconditional positive
regard
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• Humanistic approach
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1.3. Research Methods
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• Experimental–Cause and effect relationship
between two variables
– Independent variable• The variable being manipulated • The “cause”
–Dependent variable• The variable being measured for
change• The “effect”
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• Experimental–Experimental group• Exposed to the “cause”• Receives the independent
variable
–Control group• Not exposed to the “cause” • Receives no treatment or some
treatment that should have no effect
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• Random Assignment
• Blind and Double Blind Study
• Placebo and Placebo Effect
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• Clinical–Case studies• Freud used this method to
develop psychoanalytic theory
– Naturalistic observation• agreement among
observers
–Clinical interviews• inter-rater reliability
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• Correlational –How two variables relate
to one another–No manipulation of
variables–Does NOT measure
cause and effect
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• Correlational –Positive Correlation
– Negative Correlation
– Correlation Coefficient • 1.0-----0-----1.0
–Self-reporting surveys
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• Surveys– Self-reporting
– Subject to bias
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1.4. Ethics in Research
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• Participants must be treated morally and respectfully
• Purpose of study, duration and process
• Any possible harm or adverse effects should be disclosed