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Health and HospitalsHealth and HospitalsYear 11Year 11HistoryHistory

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Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

During the Industrial Revolution there During the Industrial Revolution there were huge advances made in science were huge advances made in science and technology.and technology.

Huge progress was made in identifying Huge progress was made in identifying and and preventingpreventing many diseases. many diseases. People felt that humankind was People felt that humankind was becoming god-like in its knowledge and becoming god-like in its knowledge and achievements, and that nothing was achievements, and that nothing was impossible except the impossible except the cure of cure of infectious diseaseinfectious disease - a problem that - a problem that continued to cause much misery. continued to cause much misery.

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With the advent of industry came With the advent of industry came industrial diseases such as industrial diseases such as dermatitis, lung disease and dermatitis, lung disease and ‘phossy jaw’. (ugh!)‘phossy jaw’. (ugh!)

Those most quickly affected were the

workers who dipped sticks into phosphorus

paste.

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With the expansion of the Empire With the expansion of the Empire came contact with diseases such came contact with diseases such as yellow fever.as yellow fever.

With urbanisation came public With urbanisation came public health problems that included health problems that included 'filth diseases' such as cholera 'filth diseases' such as cholera and typhus. and typhus.

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By the way…By the way…

The real ‘Medical The real ‘Medical Revolution’ Revolution’ started in started in France.France.

After the French After the French Revolution the Revolution the right to health right to health was one of the was one of the 'rights of man' 'rights of man' claimed by claimed by working people.working people.

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WarWar

Wars were waged on a greater Wars were waged on a greater scale (creating mass injuries that scale (creating mass injuries that were hitherto unknown, and were hitherto unknown, and required new medical and required new medical and surgical techniques). surgical techniques).

Who could do the quickest Who could do the quickest amputation without amputation without anaesthetic?!anaesthetic?!

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HospitalsHospitals

With the rapid growth of the With the rapid growth of the population during the 18th and population during the 18th and 19th centuries it was obvious 19th centuries it was obvious that local charities and the that local charities and the workhouse system could not workhouse system could not provide sufficient medical care provide sufficient medical care for the poor. for the poor.

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Westminster HospitalWestminster Hospital

Westminster Westminster Hospital in Hospital in London, London, constructed in constructed in 1720, was the 1720, was the first public first public hospital in hospital in England. England.

Founded as a Founded as a voluntary hospital voluntary hospital in a small house in in a small house in Petty France, Petty France, Pimlico, with just Pimlico, with just 10 beds in 1719. It 10 beds in 1719. It occupied other occupied other sites, including sites, including one opposite one opposite Westminster Westminster Abbey and Abbey and another in Page another in Page Street Street

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‘‘It may seem a strange principle to It may seem a strange principle to enunciate as the very first requirement enunciate as the very first requirement in a hospital that it should do the sick no in a hospital that it should do the sick no harm. It is quite necessary nevertheless harm. It is quite necessary nevertheless to lay down such a principle, because to lay down such a principle, because the actual mortality in hospitals, the actual mortality in hospitals, especially those the crowded cities, is especially those the crowded cities, is very much higher than any calculation very much higher than any calculation founded on the mortality of the same founded on the mortality of the same class of patient treated out of hospital class of patient treated out of hospital would lead us to expect.' would lead us to expect.' Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale Notes on Hospitals Notes on Hospitals 1859 1859

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Nineteenth Century Nineteenth Century NursingNursing

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By 1800, all sizeable British towns By 1800, all sizeable British towns had a hospital, and London's had a hospital, and London's hospitals admitted over 20,000 hospitals admitted over 20,000 patients a year. Out-patient patients a year. Out-patient departments were even busier. In departments were even busier. In 1800, St Thomas's Hospital 1800, St Thomas's Hospital estimated that its out-patient estimated that its out-patient department dealt with 10,000 department dealt with 10,000 patients. By 1890, the number patients. By 1890, the number was 100,000. was 100,000.

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Voluntary hospitals generally admitted Voluntary hospitals generally admitted the sick poor but not sick paupers. the sick poor but not sick paupers. Following the Poor Law Act (1834), Following the Poor Law Act (1834), there was increasing realisation that there was increasing realisation that most of those admitted to workhouses most of those admitted to workhouses were sick or elderly, and that sickness were sick or elderly, and that sickness was the fastest route to pauperism. was the fastest route to pauperism. Workhouse infirmaries were rapidly Workhouse infirmaries were rapidly filled to capacity, and by the 1860s, filled to capacity, and by the 1860s, hospitals were being erected hospitals were being erected alongside workhouses. alongside workhouses.

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During the 18th century, the During the 18th century, the wealthy had largely been treated wealthy had largely been treated at home by private doctors but at home by private doctors but from the mid-19th century, some from the mid-19th century, some were choosing hospital admission. were choosing hospital admission. This resulted in loss of income for This resulted in loss of income for a number of doctors so that it a number of doctors so that it became advantageous to secure became advantageous to secure an honorary consultancy post at a an honorary consultancy post at a local hospital as well as local hospital as well as maintaining a private practice. maintaining a private practice.

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Hospital consultants became the Hospital consultants became the doctors of choice for rich patients. In doctors of choice for rich patients. In addition, beds were set aside in addition, beds were set aside in voluntary hospitals for paying voluntary hospitals for paying patients, and a number of small, patients, and a number of small, private 'nursing homes' were private 'nursing homes' were established. These were effectively established. These were effectively private hospitals for the middle private hospitals for the middle classes. At the same time, some classes. At the same time, some general practitioners began to general practitioners began to establish their own 'cottage' hospitals. establish their own 'cottage' hospitals.

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During the first half of the During the first half of the century, nursing the sick was century, nursing the sick was generally not believed to require generally not believed to require any special training or any special training or experience. In the voluntary experience. In the voluntary hospitals, convalescent patients hospitals, convalescent patients were often called upon to help were often called upon to help with acutely ill patients. In the with acutely ill patients. In the workhouse infirmaries, able-workhouse infirmaries, able-bodied paupers nursed the sick. bodied paupers nursed the sick.

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In 1866, there were only 111 In 1866, there were only 111 paid nurses in all the London paid nurses in all the London workhouses and they earned workhouses and they earned £12-£30 a year. Mrs Isabella £12-£30 a year. Mrs Isabella Beeton (1836-1865), who wrote Beeton (1836-1865), who wrote her famous book of cookery and her famous book of cookery and household management between household management between 1859-1861, had been the head 1859-1861, had been the head nurse at the Strand workhouse. nurse at the Strand workhouse.

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Ward sisters were Ward sisters were often recruited from often recruited from head servants in head servants in 'gentlemen's' 'gentlemen's' households or were households or were 'respectable' 'respectable' widows. Matrons, widows. Matrons, whose duties were whose duties were largely largely administrative, administrative, were generally from were generally from middle-class middle-class backgrounds. backgrounds.

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http://www.thegarret.org.uk/tour.http://www.thegarret.org.uk/tour.htmhtm

Click for virtual tour of a Click for virtual tour of a Victorian hospital.Victorian hospital.

Also provides useful links!Also provides useful links!

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Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale

Nursing was first popularized by Nursing was first popularized by Florence Nightingale; she Florence Nightingale; she portrayed it as a dignified and portrayed it as a dignified and glamorous profession. Nightingale glamorous profession. Nightingale led the first women nurses, ten of led the first women nurses, ten of them, into the Crimea, and them, into the Crimea, and afterwards, British society afterwards, British society awarder her with enough funding awarder her with enough funding to found a nursing school. to found a nursing school.

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The traditional The traditional NightingaleNightingale ward of long straight corridors ward of long straight corridors with wards radiating off at right with wards radiating off at right angles and clustered around angles and clustered around courtyards, was a legacy of the courtyards, was a legacy of the disastrous healthcare experience disastrous healthcare experience of British troops in the Crimea. of British troops in the Crimea.

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NightingaleNightingale had observed how had observed how soldiers who were taken into soldiers who were taken into hospital invariably died, while hospital invariably died, while those who were not treated there those who were not treated there often survived. Crucially, she often survived. Crucially, she realised that many of the causes realised that many of the causes of death for recuperating soldiers of death for recuperating soldiers could be designed out. could be designed out.

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What she did was What she did was to lay down a set to lay down a set of dimensions to of dimensions to provide a safe provide a safe place for place for patients, most patients, most importantly fresh importantly fresh air, warm food air, warm food and an and an environment that environment that was free of was free of droplet infection. droplet infection.

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Florence Nightingale was born on Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 12 May 1820

She had a broad education and She had a broad education and came to dislike the lack of came to dislike the lack of opportunity for females in her opportunity for females in her social circle. She began to visit social circle. She began to visit the poor but became very the poor but became very interested in looking after those interested in looking after those who were ill. who were ill.

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Crimean WarCrimean War

In March 1854 the Crimean War broke In March 1854 the Crimean War broke out and the reports of the sufferings out and the reports of the sufferings of the sick and wounded in the of the sick and wounded in the English camps created anger in English camps created anger in Britain. William Russell, Britain. William Russell, The TimesThe Times' ' correspondent, described the terrible correspondent, described the terrible neglect of the wounded, and pointed neglect of the wounded, and pointed to the differences between the to the differences between the facilities provided for British and facilities provided for British and French soldiers. He asked: ‘Are there French soldiers. He asked: ‘Are there no devoted women among us, able no devoted women among us, able and willing to go forth to minister to and willing to go forth to minister to the sick and suffering soldiers of the the sick and suffering soldiers of the East in the hospitals of Scutari? East in the hospitals of Scutari?

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ConditionsConditions

Descriptions from Nightingale and her Descriptions from Nightingale and her nurses give some idea of the nurses give some idea of the conditions there: conditions there:

There were no vessels for water or There were no vessels for water or utensils of any kind; no soap, towels, utensils of any kind; no soap, towels, or clothes, no hospital clothes; the or clothes, no hospital clothes; the men lying in their uniforms, stiff with men lying in their uniforms, stiff with gore and covered with filth to a gore and covered with filth to a degree and of a kind no one could degree and of a kind no one could write about; their persons covered write about; their persons covered with vermin... with vermin...

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We have not seen a drop of milk, We have not seen a drop of milk, and the bread is extremely sour. and the bread is extremely sour. The butter is most filthy; it is The butter is most filthy; it is Irish butter in a state of Irish butter in a state of decomposition; and the meat is decomposition; and the meat is more like moist leather than more like moist leather than food. Potatoes we are waiting food. Potatoes we are waiting for, until they arrive from for, until they arrive from France... France...

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Grateful soldiers Grateful soldiers dubbed her 'The dubbed her 'The Lady With The Lady With The Lamp' because Lamp' because of her nightly of her nightly rounds of the rounds of the wards. wards.

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HomeworkHomework

Research:Research: See what you can find out about See what you can find out about

Mary Seacole.Mary Seacole.

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