1 GROUND TRANSPORTATION REGULATION: The Relationship between Airports and Taxi Regulators.

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GROUND TRANSPORTATION GROUND TRANSPORTATION REGULATION:REGULATION:

The Relationship between The Relationship between Airports and Taxi RegulatorsAirports and Taxi Regulators

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Airports & TaxicabsAirports & Taxicabs

Taxi driversTaxi drivers – the first and last face an airport – the first and last face an airport traveler may see outside the terminal.traveler may see outside the terminal.

Airport/Taxi SynergyAirport/Taxi Synergy – Safe, efficient, customer – Safe, efficient, customer friendly and inexpensive taxi service supplements friendly and inexpensive taxi service supplements and helps the host city, airport customer service and and helps the host city, airport customer service and the overall positive nature of the airport experience. the overall positive nature of the airport experience.

TrendTrend – More direct regulation of taxis on airport – More direct regulation of taxis on airport premises, replicating the work of regulatory licensing premises, replicating the work of regulatory licensing bodies. bodies.

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Airport Benefits – Taxi OversightAirport Benefits – Taxi Oversight RevenueRevenue

• Licensing, permit and use feesLicensing, permit and use fees• Fines and penaltiesFines and penalties• Franchise agreementsFranchise agreements

Customer ServiceCustomer Service• Open vs. closed entry – control of number of vehicles; Open vs. closed entry – control of number of vehicles;

Environmental goals (types/age of vehicles); Complaint Environmental goals (types/age of vehicles); Complaint systems – vehicle conditions and driver misconduct, systems – vehicle conditions and driver misconduct, Training, GPS/dispatch…Training, GPS/dispatch…

SafetySafety • Criminal background checksCriminal background checks• Drug testingDrug testing• Security cameras/partitionsSecurity cameras/partitions• Driver misconduct…Driver misconduct…

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Airport Ground TransportationAirport Ground Transportation

Franchise/Concession AgreementsFranchise/Concession AgreementsMay incorporate additional vehicle and/or driver standards for ground May incorporate additional vehicle and/or driver standards for ground transportation to/from Airports transportation to/from Airports

Public Bidding ProcessPublic Bidding Process• Concession/Franchise Agreements are generally awarded by Airports to Concession/Franchise Agreements are generally awarded by Airports to

ground transportation companies through a public bidding process.ground transportation companies through a public bidding process.

Exclusive Use/Fee to AirportExclusive Use/Fee to Airport• Concession/franchise agreements often contain exclusive or semi-Concession/franchise agreements often contain exclusive or semi-

exclusive use provisions as to the approved ground transportation exclusive use provisions as to the approved ground transportation providers. In exchange for the exclusive or semi-exclusive privilege, the providers. In exchange for the exclusive or semi-exclusive privilege, the ground transportation company is required to pay a fee to the airport.ground transportation company is required to pay a fee to the airport.

Exclusive Pick-UpExclusive Pick-Up• Most concession/franchise agreements provide that any taxi can drop Most concession/franchise agreements provide that any taxi can drop

passengers off at the airport, but only taxis affiliated with designated passengers off at the airport, but only taxis affiliated with designated companies can pick passengers up from the airport.companies can pick passengers up from the airport.

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Airport Ground TransportationAirport Ground Transportation

Example: Baltimore Washington Airport Example: Baltimore Washington Airport (BWI) (BWI)

BWI has had a franchise agreement for its taxis for 20 years. BWI has had a franchise agreement for its taxis for 20 years.

• Purpose:Purpose: Establish a high level of customer service; ensure Establish a high level of customer service; ensure supply of taxis; ensure consistent vehicle aesthetics.supply of taxis; ensure consistent vehicle aesthetics.

• These standards are different from those outlined by the These standards are different from those outlined by the Maryland Public Service Commission which regulates taxis Maryland Public Service Commission which regulates taxis and limousines in the state – e.g., higher customer service and limousines in the state – e.g., higher customer service standards in franchise agreements, than in the Md. Codestandards in franchise agreements, than in the Md. Code

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Taxi Regulator and Host City Taxi Regulator and Host City Benefits & IssuesBenefits & Issues

BenefitsBenefits• Enhanced rules benefit safety and service to Enhanced rules benefit safety and service to

supplement regulatory efforts;supplement regulatory efforts;• Regulation that cannot be politically accomplished by Regulation that cannot be politically accomplished by

regulator, can be by independent airport;regulator, can be by independent airport;

Potential Issues/DownsidePotential Issues/Downside• Industry opposition to fines, fees and regulationsIndustry opposition to fines, fees and regulations• Strained relations with taxi regulator Strained relations with taxi regulator • Two classes of vehicles and driversTwo classes of vehicles and drivers• Confusion – Having two sets of regulationsConfusion – Having two sets of regulations

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IATR/AGTA SurveysIATR/AGTA Surveys

In 2012, the IATR, in conjunction with the AGTA, In 2012, the IATR, in conjunction with the AGTA, administered a survey to 20 Airport Ground administered a survey to 20 Airport Ground Transportation Officers (Transportation Officers (““Survey 1Survey 1””).).

As a follow-up, the IATR administered a similar As a follow-up, the IATR administered a similar survey to City Taxi Regulators in jurisdictions where survey to City Taxi Regulators in jurisdictions where the Airports in Survey 1 are located (the Airports in Survey 1 are located (““Survey 2Survey 2””).).

The Surveys consisted of approximately 30 The Surveys consisted of approximately 30 questions regarding the details of ground questions regarding the details of ground transportation services and regulation at the given transportation services and regulation at the given Airport, or in the given jurisdiction. Airport, or in the given jurisdiction.

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IATR SurveysIATR Surveys

The AGTA Airport Survey (The AGTA Airport Survey (““Survey 1Survey 1””))

• Licensing, franchise or permit requirementsLicensing, franchise or permit requirements

• Airport rule review and comparison to taxi Airport rule review and comparison to taxi regulation rules, both nationally and locallyregulation rules, both nationally and locally

The IATR Regulatory Survey (The IATR Regulatory Survey (““Survey 2Survey 2””))

• Licensing requirement reviewLicensing requirement review

• Airport related regulationsAirport related regulations

• Analysis of jurisdictional Analysis of jurisdictional overlapoverlap with airports.with airports.

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Survey Goals Survey Goals

To compare and contrast licensing requirements To compare and contrast licensing requirements of airports and regulators; of airports and regulators;

Identify trends and differing approaches in Identify trends and differing approaches in jurisdictionsjurisdictions

Identify issues for further academic study and/or Identify issues for further academic study and/or recommendations for synergy and cooperation recommendations for synergy and cooperation between airports, regulators and the industry.between airports, regulators and the industry.

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Summary of ApproachesSummary of Approaches Partnership ApproachPartnership Approach:: Jurisdictions in which the Airport and City work Jurisdictions in which the Airport and City work

together in developing regulations and standards that are equally applied together in developing regulations and standards that are equally applied and enforced at the Airport and in the City.and enforced at the Airport and in the City.

Independent ApproachIndependent Approach:: Jurisdictions in which the Airport and City have Jurisdictions in which the Airport and City have separate regulations and standards that are applied and enforced by the separate regulations and standards that are applied and enforced by the independent officers and agents of the Airport and City, respectively, and independent officers and agents of the Airport and City, respectively, and which may at times, be contradictory. which may at times, be contradictory.

City-Lead ApproachCity-Lead Approach:: Jurisdictions in which the City outlines regulations Jurisdictions in which the City outlines regulations and standards that are applied and enforced by the Airport, which follows and standards that are applied and enforced by the Airport, which follows the lead of the City Taxi Regulatorthe lead of the City Taxi Regulator

Airport-Lead ApproachAirport-Lead Approach: In very rare instances, the airport : In very rare instances, the airport may be designated as the agency responsible for inspecting may be designated as the agency responsible for inspecting and/or licensing all ground transportation operators in the City.and/or licensing all ground transportation operators in the City.

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Partnership Approach Partnership Approach

Example – San Antonio, TexasExample – San Antonio, Texas

San Antonio International Airport & the City of San Antonio International Airport & the City of San AntonioSan Antonio

The City issues city permits and airport permits The City issues city permits and airport permits

The Airport and City have contact 1x – 2x/ week The Airport and City have contact 1x – 2x/ week to discuss enforcement issues and rule changesto discuss enforcement issues and rule changes

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Partnership ApproachPartnership Approach


City regulations are the same as airport regulations City regulations are the same as airport regulations with the exception of:with the exception of:

• Credit Cards are mandated by the City but not the AirportCredit Cards are mandated by the City but not the Airport• Vehicle age limit for Airport is 7 years versus 8 years for Vehicle age limit for Airport is 7 years versus 8 years for

the Citythe City• Airport requires $250K minimum liability insurance Airport requires $250K minimum liability insurance

versus 30/60/25 minimum liability versus 30/60/25 minimum liability • Physical exams of drivers and refresher training are Physical exams of drivers and refresher training are

required by the City, not the Airportrequired by the City, not the Airport

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Partnership ApproachPartnership Approach


Both the City and the Airport have a role in setting Both the City and the Airport have a role in setting taxicab farestaxicab fares

Airport may collect revenue from city-regulated ground Airport may collect revenue from city-regulated ground transportation through transportation through ““Departure/Access FeesDeparture/Access Fees””

Complaint information submitted to the City and Complaint information submitted to the City and Airport, respectively, are shared Airport, respectively, are shared

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Partnership ApproachPartnership Approach Benefits:Benefits:

• Consistent regulation allows ground transportation Consistent regulation allows ground transportation providers to meet City and Airport standards with providers to meet City and Airport standards with minimal additional costsminimal additional costs

• Service expectations of the consumer may be met by Service expectations of the consumer may be met by ground transportation providers at the airport and ground transportation providers at the airport and those used throughout the jurisdictionthose used throughout the jurisdiction

Cons:Cons:• May be difficult to implement and/or maintain in larger May be difficult to implement and/or maintain in larger

marketmarket• Question of whether the City and Airport have an Question of whether the City and Airport have an

equal say in the promulgation of new equal say in the promulgation of new standards/regulationsstandards/regulations

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Independent ApproachIndependent Approach

Example: Minneapolis, MinnesotaExample: Minneapolis, Minnesota Airport Taxi Regulation - Metropolitan Airports Airport Taxi Regulation - Metropolitan Airports

Commission (MAC) Commission (MAC)• Provides coordinated aviation services throughout the Twin Provides coordinated aviation services throughout the Twin

Cities metro area, particularly at Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport Cities metro area, particularly at Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport (MSP)(MSP)

• MAC regulates all Taxicabs at MSP and has its own taxi rules, MAC regulates all Taxicabs at MSP and has its own taxi rules, regulations & driver handbookregulations & driver handbook

City Taxi Regulation - License and Consumer Services City Taxi Regulation - License and Consumer Services Division of the City of MinneapolisDivision of the City of Minneapolis• Regulates taxis and drivers within the City of MinneapolisRegulates taxis and drivers within the City of Minneapolis

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Example: Minneapolis, MinnesotaExample: Minneapolis, Minnesota

Taxis licensed by MAC are not required to be licensed by any Taxis licensed by MAC are not required to be licensed by any other regulatory bodyother regulatory body

Vehicle StandardsVehicle Standards• Vehicle AgeVehicle Age

MSP & Minneapolis - no more than 6 yrs old MSP & Minneapolis - no more than 6 yrs old St. Paul allows older vehiclesSt. Paul allows older vehicles

• Vehicle Inspections Vehicle Inspections St. Paul and MSP require annual inspectionSt. Paul and MSP require annual inspection Minneapolis requires semiannual inspectionMinneapolis requires semiannual inspection

• InsuranceInsurance MSP requires minimum of $200K/$600K liability & property damage; MSP requires minimum of $200K/$600K liability & property damage;

or combined single limit of $1MM per occurrenceor combined single limit of $1MM per occurrence

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Example: Minneapolis, MinnesotaExample: Minneapolis, Minnesota Vehicle Standards (continued)Vehicle Standards (continued)

• Fuel Efficiency StandardsFuel Efficiency Standards St. Paul & MSP do not have fuel requirements. (Minneapolis St. Paul & MSP do not have fuel requirements. (Minneapolis

requires a portion of fleet use compressed natural gas.)requires a portion of fleet use compressed natural gas.)• In Vehicle SafetyIn Vehicle Safety

MSP does not have any regulationsMSP does not have any regulations Minneapolis requires a shield or camera or GPS locatorMinneapolis requires a shield or camera or GPS locator

Driver Licensing StandardsDriver Licensing Standards• Criminal Background ChecksCriminal Background Checks

MSP prohibits any misdemeanor convictions in 5 yrs.MSP prohibits any misdemeanor convictions in 5 yrs. City prohibits serious misdemeanors in last 3 yrs.City prohibits serious misdemeanors in last 3 yrs.

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Driver Conduct Rule Comparison (Examples)Driver Conduct Rule Comparison (Examples)

• Varying levels of detail:Varying levels of detail: Solicitation Solicitation – MSP defines; Minneapolis does not– MSP defines; Minneapolis does not

• Different or additional requirements:Different or additional requirements: WeaponsWeapons – identical except MSP allows if carrier permit – identical except MSP allows if carrier permit CourteousCourteous – City limits to public; MSP applies to passengers, public, – City limits to public; MSP applies to passengers, public,

drivers, MSP repsdrivers, MSP reps LuggageLuggage – MSP refusal exception for excessive luggage & City – MSP refusal exception for excessive luggage & City

requires all luggage except > 50 lbs.requires all luggage except > 50 lbs.

• No similar or corresponding provisions: No similar or corresponding provisions: DiscriminationDiscrimination – MSP only – MSP only Cell Phones Cell Phones – MSP only– MSP only

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There is a current ongoing initiative between There is a current ongoing initiative between MSP, St. Paul and Minneapolis to align MSP, St. Paul and Minneapolis to align standards, in part, to allow operators to obtain standards, in part, to allow operators to obtain licensure in all jurisdictionslicensure in all jurisdictions

For example, Minneapolis, St. Paul, and For example, Minneapolis, St. Paul, and MAC have worked together to create a new MAC have worked together to create a new numbering system for all taxis licensed in 2013 numbering system for all taxis licensed in 2013 in the metro areain the metro area

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City-Lead ApproachCity-Lead Approach

Example – San Francisco, CA Example – San Francisco, CA San Francisco International Airport (San Francisco International Airport (““SFOSFO””) and the San ) and the San

Francisco Transportation Agency (Francisco Transportation Agency (““SFMTASFMTA””)) SFMTA issues medallions to taxicabs without airport SFMTA issues medallions to taxicabs without airport

restrictionsrestrictions SFMTA-licensed taxicabs only need to be inspected by SFMTA-licensed taxicabs only need to be inspected by

the SFO Ground Transportation Unit to operate at the the SFO Ground Transportation Unit to operate at the airport.airport.

All vehicles providing service to/from SFO must have a All vehicles providing service to/from SFO must have a transponder installed (a small computer chip that records transponder installed (a small computer chip that records all trips made into and out of the airport) and proper all trips made into and out of the airport) and proper decals evidencing SFO authority.decals evidencing SFO authority.

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City-Lead ApproachCity-Lead Approach

Example – San Francisco, CA Example – San Francisco, CA

All newly issued SFMTA taxicab medallions must be fuel efficiency All newly issued SFMTA taxicab medallions must be fuel efficiency vehicles, but this is not required by SFO.vehicles, but this is not required by SFO.

SFMTA requires minimum liability insurance, not SFO.SFMTA requires minimum liability insurance, not SFO.

SFMTA requires cameras in taxicabs, not SFO.SFMTA requires cameras in taxicabs, not SFO.

SFMTA requires criminal background checks of drivers and driver SFMTA requires criminal background checks of drivers and driver training, not SFOtraining, not SFO

In general, SFMTA fines and penalties for violations are higher/more In general, SFMTA fines and penalties for violations are higher/more stringent than for SFO.stringent than for SFO.

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Airport-Lead ApproachAirport-Lead Approach

Example – Salt Lake City International Airport Example – Salt Lake City International Airport

Salt Lake City ordinances require that all ground Salt Lake City ordinances require that all ground transportation companies, vehicles and drivers must be transportation companies, vehicles and drivers must be registered, inspected and licensed through the Airport.registered, inspected and licensed through the Airport.

The Airport and Salt Lake City operate under the same laws The Airport and Salt Lake City operate under the same laws with penalties that exceed neighboring municipalities. with penalties that exceed neighboring municipalities.

The Airport is charged with the process required to The Airport is charged with the process required to review requested fare increases from companies and review requested fare increases from companies and to make recommendations to the City Council.to make recommendations to the City Council.

The Airport is the most influential stakeholder involved The Airport is the most influential stakeholder involved in ground transportation issues.in ground transportation issues.

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Common Ground Transportation Common Ground Transportation Issues between Airports and CitiesIssues between Airports and Cities

Driver Conduct and Vehicle Rules – ViolationsDriver Conduct and Vehicle Rules – Violations

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Refusals Discourtesy Overcharging UnlicensedActivity

Solicitation Traffic Violations Other

Airports

Cities

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General Issues General Issues

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Driver Misconduct Illegal Solicitation Dispatch Issues Wheelchair Access Vehicle Conditions

Airport

Cities

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There are many common issues that are faced There are many common issues that are faced by Cities and Airports, although the level of by Cities and Airports, although the level of importance may be weighed differently importance may be weighed differently

The Partnership Approach is ideal to address The Partnership Approach is ideal to address such issuessuch issues

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Questions & Comments?Questions & Comments?

We hope to illicit a dialogue between We hope to illicit a dialogue between Airport ground transportation officers and Airport ground transportation officers and

Taxi Regulators.Taxi Regulators.

Cooperation is the key!Cooperation is the key!

Thank you!Thank you!

1 GROUND TRANSPORTATION REGULATION: The Relationship between Airports and Taxi Regulators.

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