1 Geographic Constraints on Amphibious Operation, Drinking Water in the Invasion of Cuba by U.S....

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Geographic Constraints on Geographic Constraints on Amphibious Operation, Drinking Amphibious Operation, Drinking Water in the Invasion of Cuba by Water in the Invasion of Cuba by

U.S. ForcesU.S. Forces

CPT Terrence G. HarringtonGEO 342

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To provide an overview of constraints faced by U.S. Forces during Invasion of

Cuba.

PurposePurpose

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References

• http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/225/15-21.htm

• http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/18_people.html

• www.globalsecurity.org

• http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/wcgorgas.htm

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Outline• Historical Background

– Leadership– Units

• Geography– Daiquiri– Santa De Ago Cuba

• Drinking Water/Sanitation• Summary

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Historical Background

First Lieutenant Albertus W. Catlin - (1868 - 1933)

American LeadershipAmerican Leadership

Captain Charles D. Sigsbee - (1845 - 1923) Major General William Shafter - (1835 - 1906)

Colonel Leonard Wood - (1860 - 1927)

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General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau - (1838 – 1930)

Spanish LeadershipSpanish Leadership

General Ramon Blanco y Eranas - (1833 - 1906)

Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasaron - (1839 - 1917)

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Historical BackgroundOther Influential PersonnelOther Influential Personnel

Walter Reed - (1851 - 1902)

Obscure professor and bacteriological researcher, he became an international hero

for tracing the deadly yellow fever to its insect vector.

Major William C. Gorgas

Chief sanitary officer for the city of Havana, applied t the generally accepted methods of disease

control.

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1898

•1 January-The Cuban autonomous government assumed its duties. The war continued.

•25 January-The cruiser U.S.S. Maine sailed into Havana harbor.

•15 February- The U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana harbor.

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•21 April- Spain expelled the United States' ambassador and recalled its diplomats from Washington.

•23 April- U.S. declared war on Spain. Spanish naval high command met in Madrid and issued a report declaring that neither its ships nor materiel could match that of the U.S. The fleet's commander to Cuba, Admiral Pascual Cervera, predicted its destruction.

•1 May- The U.S. fleet under Admiral Dewey destroyed Spain's Pacific fleet at Cavite, in the Philippines.

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•19 May- Spanish fleet entered the harbor at Santiago de Cuba despite the tight U.S. blockade and numerical superiority.

•20 June- U.S. expeditionary forces landed at Daiquiri and Siboney, in Oriente province.

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•June 24- Battle of Las Guasimas.

•July 1- Battles of El Caney and San Juan Hill.

•July 3 - Spanish fleet attempts to escape from Santiago, all ships destroyed at the naval Battle of Santiago.

•July 4 - Six Spanish prisoners killed aboard Auxiliary Cruiser HARVARD. The event becomes known as the "Harvard Incident."

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•July 6 - Hobson and his crew exchanged.

•July 8 - Spanish squadron heading for the Philippines is forced to turn around to protect the Spanish coastline.

•July 10 - Santiago bombarded by the U.S. Navy.

•July 17 - Spanish Santiago garrison surrenders.

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GeographyGeography

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GeographyGeography

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Drinking Water/Sanitation

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Drinking Water/SanitationProblems General Leonard Wood had to overcome:

•Dead animals lay scattered about

•Constant funeral processions day & night

• Mass cremations

•Citizen to weak to move & surviving on rotten fruit

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•Volunteer soldiers, officers, and physicians marched to the recruit camps, where they began to get sick and die by the thousands.

•Initial diagnosis was unclear: typhoid, typho-malaria fever, and typhus were all considered.

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•Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg appointed a board of officers, led by Maj. Walter Reed, to examine the problem.

•Yellow fever was also a significant problem for U.S. troops in Cuba.

•With an unvaccinated fighting force of 108,000 there were 20,738 cases of typhoid, and 1,580 deaths.

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Plan of action:

–Organized regular sanitary department

–Confiscated equipment & food from Spanish

–Encouraged citizen participation

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Drinking Water/SanitationPlan of action:

Created plan to transform Santiago:–Create extensive thoroughfares in the city.

–Build modern sewage & water system

–Dredge harbor

–Construct a dam several miles above the city

–Reorganize local government

–Establish modern public school system

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Summary

• Historical Background– Leadership

– Units

• Geography– Daiquiri

– Santa De Ago Cuba • Base Camp

– Drinking Water

– Sanitation

• Summary

1 Geographic Constraints on Amphibious Operation, Drinking Water in the Invasion of Cuba by U.S....

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