1 General Anatomy and Planes

8/3/2019 1 General Anatomy and Planes

1/44

General anatomy

An overview


2/44

Learning Objective

At the end of the lecture the students should be

able to

1. Define anatomy2. Understand the importance of anatomic

history

3. Identify the subdivisions of anatomy4. Explain the anatomial planes and sections


3/44

Definition

Anatomy is the branch of biology which dealswith the structure of animals and plants


4/44

Anatome (Greek word) - cutting up

Anatomy forms the foundation of medicine


5/44

Anatomy today make use of knowledge from

many fields of science to explore and

understand how the structure of an

organisms cells, tissues and organs relates to

their function


6/44

History

The study of anatomy begins at least as early

as 1600 BC


7/44

History

Greek period (AD)

Hippocrates- Father of medicine

Herophilus- Father of anatomy---first to dissect

human body


8/44

Hippocrates (Greek physician) 460-337 BC- is

the earliest medical scientist

His work demonstrates a basic understandingof muscular skeletal structure and function of

certain organs


9/44

Aristotle (4th century) produced a more

empirically founded system based on animal

dissection


10/44

Roman period (BC)

Galen- Prince of physicians


11/44

14th century

Mundinus (Italian)- the restorer of anatomy


12/44

15th century

Leonardo da Vinci (Italy) originator of cross-

sectional anatomy


13/44

17th century

William Hunter (London) anatomist and

obstetrician


14/44

1st cadaveric dissection

Occurred In the 4th century BC when

Herophilus and Erasistratus performeddissection of cadavers in Alexenderia


15/44

The first major anatomist was a great ancient

medical practitioner, Greek physician Cladius

Galen ( AD 131-200) dissected and observed

accurately all kinds of animals


16/44

Modern Anatomy

Was founded by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

He dissected the human bodies and pointed

out many Galenis observations


17/44

Contribution of Muslim physicians &

scientists

After the fall ofRoman empire, the study of

anatomy became stagnant in Christian Europebut flourished in the medieval Islamic world


18/44

The Persian Physician Avicenna (980-1037)

transformed the Galenic teaching on Anatomy

His book remains the most influential andauthoritative book


19/44

Ibn-al-Nafis (1213-1288) was an Arabian

Physician He was one of the earliest proponents of

human dissection and postmortem autopsy


20/44

Ibn-e-Zuhr (Avenzoar) 1091-1161 was the

first Arab Physician known to have carried out

the dissection

Similarly other physicians contribute a lot o

the science of anatomy


21/44

Division of Anatomy

The subject of Anatomy can be divided into

two components

1. Macroscopic or gross anatomy-structures canbe seen with the naked eyes

2. Microscopic or histology/ cytology- structurescan be seen with the help of a microscope


22/44

Subdivisions of anatomy

Cadaveric anatomy

Living anatomy


23/44

Subdivision:cont

Developmental anatomy (embryology)

Microscopic anatomy (Histology)


24/44


25/44


26/44

Explaination

Regional anatomy- deals with the different

regions of the body like the

limbs/abdomen/head and neck ect

Systemic anatomy- deals with different

systems of the body. These organs work in a

coordinated manner to perform a particular

function e.g CVS, Respiratory system, GIT


27/44

Developmental anatomy (embryology) deals

with the formation of different organs and

their gradual transformation into a complete

structure

Not restricted to embryo


28/44

Histology- study of tissues and their structure

at microscopic level

Clinical anatomy- related to clinical sciencese.g difficulty in knee bending after RTA

Surgical anatomy- anatomical structure

related to surgeons i.e know how of the basic

anatomy encountered during surgery


29/44

Radiological anatomy- real body scan in livingsubjects like MRI, CT, X-ray


30/44


31/44

Comparative anatomy

Physical anthropology (different races)

Applied anatomy (clinical) Experimental anatomy


32/44


33/44

Department of anatomy

Strategies

LECTURE PBL

QUIZ

ASSIGNMENT

SKILLSTUTORIAL

CBD

MUSEUM/

MODELS

DISSECTION

MICROSCOPICinteractive

didactic

scenario

based

General anatomy

An overview

General anatomy

An overview

PBL


34/44

POSITIONAL TERMS

The positional terms usually go in pairs

For example superior and inferior go together

Superior means above and inferior means below


35/44

So you could write a statement stating that the

head is superior to the chest or to be more

specificthe cephalon is superior to the

thorax

AND

The reverse would also be true:

The thorax is inferior to the cephalon


36/44

Here are some other terms:

Anterior means towards the front

Posterior means towards the back

Ex: the sternum is anterior to the heartOR the heart is posterior to the sternum


37/44

Medial means toward the midline of the body.

Lateral means away from the midlineEx: the ears are lateral to the nose

AND

The nose is medial to the ears


38/44

Proximal means towards the trunk of the body

Distal means away from the trunkProximal and distal are usually used when

describing structures in the extremities

Ex: the elbow is proximal to the wristThe wrist is distal to the elbow


39/44

Superficial means toward the surface

Deep means under the surface

Ex: the skin is superficial to the stomach

The stomach is deep to the skin


40/44

Ipsilateral means on the same side

Contralateral means on the opposite side

Ex: the right shoulder and elbow are ipsilateral

The right shoulder and left elbow are contralateral


41/44

ANATOMICAL PLANES

Next we will look at how anatomical planes

divide the body.


42/44

Body Planes

Sagittal

Divides body into right and left portions.

Transverse

Divides body into superior and inferior portions.

Coronal

Divides body into anterior and posterior portions.


43/44

References

KLM

Snell

Grays

Sadler TW. Medical embryology. 10th Ed.Lippincott. Philadelphia;2007.

Persaud M. The developing human. 7th Ed.

Saunders.Philadelphia;2003.

www.electricscotland.com


44/44

1 General Anatomy and Planes

Documents

Transcript of 1 General Anatomy and Planes