1 Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1.1: The Language of Anatomy and Physiology...

1 Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Lesson 1.1: The Language of Anatomy and Physiology

Lesson 1.2: Basic Physiological Processes

Lesson 1.3: How Forces Affect the Body

Lesson 1.4: Understanding Science

Lesson 1.1

The Language of Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

• introducing anatomy and physiology• describing the human body• the metric system

The Language of Anatomy and Physiology


• human anatomy– identify the parts of the human body– gross human anatomy– microscopic human anatomy

• human physiology– how the parts of the human body function

Introducing Anatomy and Physiology


• anatomical position• planes

– sagittal– frontal– transverse

Describing the Human Body


Common Directional Terms


True or False?

1. The frontal plane divides the body into left and right halves.

2. Proximal means closer to the trunk.

3. Lateral means away from the midline of the body.

Review and Assessment


• dorsal (posterior) cavities– cranial– spinal

• ventral (anterior) cavities– thoracic– abdominopelvic– abdominal– pelvic

Body Cavities


Body Cavities


• meter–measures length• kilogram–measures mass• second–measures time• Kelvin–measures temperature

The Metric System


Fill in the blanks with: diaphragm, kilogram, or thoracic.

1. The heart is located in the _______________ cavity.

2. The _______________ separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

3. The metric base unit of mass is the _______________.


Lesson 1.2

Basic Physiological Processes



• structural and functional organization of the body• homeostasis• metabolism

Basic Physiological Processes


• atoms• molecules• cells• tissues• organs• organ systems

Structural Organization of the Body


Human Organ Systems


Fill in the blanks with: cardiovascular, skeletal,

or urinary.

1. The _______________ system supports the body.

2. The _______________ system eliminates waste.

3. The _______________ system transports oxygen.



• control mechanisms maintain a steady internal environment– receptor– control center– effector

Homeostasis

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• negative feedback– conditions exceeding a set limit in one direction trigger a

negative reaction in the opposite direction

• positive feedback– conditions cause a reaction to accelerate

Homeostasis


• organ systems have a diminished ability to keep the body’s internal environment within the normal ranges

Homeostatic Imbalance


• anabolism– big molecules made from smaller molecules

• catabolism– big molecule broken into smaller molecules

• metabolic rate

Metabolism


True or False?

1. Negative feedback mechanisms increase disruptive forces.

2. Homeostatic control mechanisms maintain a steady internal environment.

3. Anabolism breaks molecules down.


Lesson 1.3

How Forces Affect the Body



• basic kinetic concepts• forces and injury to the human body

How Forces Affect the Body


• force– push or pull

• mass and weight• pressure

– force spread over an area

• torque– twisting force

Basic Kinetic Concepts


• compression– squeezing force

• tension– pulling force

• shear – tearing apart force

Forces and Injury to the Human Body


Directional Force Distribution within the Body


• types of stress– compressive – tensile– shear

Mechanical Stress


• multiple forces acting at same time

• bending– off-center force

• torsion – twisting force

Combined Loads


• acceleration• deformation

– elastic– plastic

The Effects of Force Application


Match these words with 1–4 below: tension, kinetics, pressure, torsion.

1. analysis of force action

2. twisting force

3. pulling force

4. force spread over an area


Lesson 1.4

Understanding Science



• the scientific method• developing scientific theories• the impact of scientific research

Understanding Science


• creates new knowledge– testable explanations– testable predictions

Science


• Step 1: Identifying a Research Question• Step 2: Formulating One or More Hypotheses• Step 3: Planning the Organization of the Study• Step 4: Collecting the Data

The Scientific Method


• Step 5: Analyzing and Evaluating the Data with Statistical Tools

• Step 6: Interpreting and Discussing the Results• Step 7: Deriving Conclusions from the Results

The Scientific Method (continued)


• tested through the scientific method• accurate explanation of some aspect of the natural

world

Developing Scientific Theories


• Aristotle– wrote On the Parts of Animals

• Galen– compiled numerous anatomical reports– first to assert that the brain controls muscles

Early Greek and Roman Anatomists


• Leonardo da Vinci– The Vitruvian Man

• Andreas Vesalius– De Humani Corporis Fabrica

(On the Structure of the Human Body)

• William Harvey– one of the first accurate

descriptions of human physiology

Anatomists in the Renaissance

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Fill in the blanks with: scientific theory, science,

or Galen.

1. _______________ creates new knowledge.

2. A(n) _______________ is an accurate explanation of some aspect of the natural world.

3. The early Greek and Roman anatomists were Aristotle and _______________.


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