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Transcript of 1 Financing Adult Literacy and Education A Continuing Challenge in Asia-Pacific and the Philippines...
1
Financing Adult Literacy and Education
A Continuing Challenge in
Asia-Pacific and the Philippines
Rene Raya
ASPBAE Policy Group
Asia South Pacific Association for Basic and Adult Education
Foro Internacional de la
Sociedad Civil (FISC)
Novermber 28-30, 2009
Presentation Outline
1. The Philippine EFA Plan 2015
2. Civil Society Tracking and Costing of Literacy(ASPBAE Initiatives)
- In the Philippines- In the Asia Pacific Region
3.The Challenges in Financing
4. Options for Financing Adult Literacy and Education
Regional network of organizations and individuals
Established in 1964
With 640 members in 30 countries across Asia and the Pacific
• Community organizations • National education coalitions• Teachers unions • Grassroots educators• Child rights networks • Women’s organization • Other campaign networks
Mission Build an Asia Pacific movement dedicated to promoting quality education for all and transformative adult education
ASPBAE works with and through other NGOs, community organizations, government agencies, universities and int’l partners
It is a member of ICAE and GCE
Asia South Pacific Association for Basic and Adult Education
About ASPBAE
Philippine EFA 2015 Plan
Central Goal:Provide basic competencies to all Filipinos to achieve Functional Literacy for all.
Four component outcomes to achieve EFA 1.Universal coverage of youth & adults on basic learning needs;2.Universal school participation;3.Universal completion of the full cycle of basic education;4.Total community commitment to attain EFA.
Philippine EFA 2015 Plan
One of the better articulated EFA Plans – A MODEL!Underscores Functional Literacy as central goal, Adults as part of key target groupsInclusive and mindful of existing disparitiesProvides a convincing rationale for EFA
But…Two critical weaknesses:
Poor Targeting (Who, Where, Why, How Many) No Financing Strategy (A clear disjoint between policy & financing)
Result…EFA Plan on Literacy hardly implemented (Consultant’s Plan”)Education has become the most threatened among MDGs
In much of Asia and the Pacific
Similar situations occurred…
Plans may be good and responsive
But, No clear targeting
No financing strategy
And so, EFA gaps remain in many countries of the region
In much of Asia and the Pacific
Adult Literacy is a Neglected EFA Goal
Governments and donors are not putting enough money (fund allocation is usually less than 1% of the education budget)
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The situation calls for urgent action
Literacy is affordable and feasible
And the investment is certainly worth the cost
ASPBAE Advocacy Strategy…
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We track and make estimates…Philippines
67%
Fully Literate
Non-LiterateDifferent levels of Illiteracy
4.1 M - Totally illiterate 6.9 M - Functionally illiterate
MALE FEMALE
57% 43%
More Male illiterates than Female
Adult, 25-64 Yrs.
Youth15-24 Yrs.
34% 66%
One-third of illiterates are Youth
Low LiteracyMedium LiteracyHigh Literacy
Missing data
EDIWe locate and do mapping…Philippines
Identify areas with low levels of literacy
75% of adult illiterates in rural areas
Huge concentration in poor communities and households in remote upland and island communities In disaster prone areas among Muslim and ethnic minority groups Among those with disabilities
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We do Targeting…Philippines
Male Female TOTAL
Young Urban 394,392 332,934 727,326
(15-24 Yrs.) Rural 1,124,906 730,754 1,855,660
Senior Urban 115,774 131,322 247,097 (25-64 Yrs.) Rural 331,231 288,238 619,468
TOTAL 1,966,303 1,483,248 3,449,551
*** NEED to reach out to 3.5 million youth and adult illiterates to meet EFA Target of reducing illiteracy by half.
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We do Costing…Philippines
Amount (Phil. Peso)
Amount (US$)
Total investment required 28.3 B 567 MAnnual Expenditure if total cost is spread to 5 years (2010-2014) 5.7 B 113 MPercent of Education Budget 3.5% 3.5%
*** ASPBAE referred to the GCE/AA Benchmarks; the van Ravens costing model; and developed its own costing methodology.
Computing Per Learner Cost Plus Factoring Additional Cost: 20% for women learners10% for rural learners 3% for senior learners (45 Yrs old Up)
Similar tracking and costing
initiatives are pursued in
the Asia and the Pacific
Region
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Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Brunei
Bhutan
China
Hong Kong SAR
Indonesia
India
Iran
Korea Rep
Lao PDR
Sri Lanka
Macau SAR
Maldives
Myanmar
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
Korea DPR
Singapore
Thailand
Timor Leste
Vietnam
Fiji
Federated States of Micronesia
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Niue
Nauru
Palau
Papua New GuineaSolomon Islands Tokelau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Cambodia
Nepal
Percent
492.00 - 30,674.93
30,674.94 - 1,604,030.50
1,604,030.51 - 7,958,129.77
7,958,129.78 - 269,815,793.39
Missing Data
Note: The boundaries and the names shown and the designations used on these maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
Adult Illiterate Population
(Total)
Mapping the Adult Illiterates - Where are they?
Source of Basic Data: UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS)
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.
Source of Basic Data: GMR 2008
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5
India
Bangladesh
Iran
Philippines
Malaysia
Indonesia
Myanmar
Lao PDR
Cambodia
China
Sri Lanka
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Thailand
PNG
Vanuatu
Tonga
Literacy Rate %
Bubble >> No. of Adult Illiterates
Samoa
Vietnam
Afghanistan
Asia Pacific Literacy Situation
Estimating the Magnitude of Illiteracy…
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Who are they? Profile of the Illiterates…
They are the poorest, living below the poverty line and situated in remote and depressed areas
Two-thirds of them are Women Least connection with the rest of the world Tend to be less visible With limited access to basic public services They have the least access to skill development facilities and
remain unskilled during their life time They are most vulnerable to natural hazards: flood, cyclone,
river erosion Tend to live and work in unhealthy environment Morbidity and mortality are highest among them
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Targeting to Meet EFA Goal 4…
256 Million Adult Illiterates must be reached in Asia Pacific to reduce Illiteracy by half by 2015
205.7 Million Female
49.9 Million Male
To Achieve Gender Parity in Literacy
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Total Cost Annual Cost(2010-2014)
Asia-Pacific $45.0 Billion $9.0 Billion
To Achieve EFA Goal 4 of reducing Illiteracy by Half
For the next 5 years, Asia Pacific countries will need to Invest a total of $9.0 Billion annually.
Estimating the Cost of Literacy…
Comparing Cost with Education Budgets …
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Challenges in Financing Adult Education and Literacy
There is a mindset - that there is no more money available for Adult Education and Literacy
That limited resources should be reserved for primary and formal education where the rates of return are much higher
Only token recognition of Literacy as a human right Lack of information on magnitude of Illiteracy Poor appreciation of importance of Literacy Literacy & Adult Education are not popular and
emotional issues Very few champions in government
IT IS DEFINITELY AN UPHILL BATTLE TO MAINSTREAM ADULT LITERACY AND
EDUCATION
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Challenges in Financing Adult Education
More Researches NeededNeed to mainstream Good PracticesClear messages that appeals to citizens and votersWE need more champions in and outside GovernmentsWe need strong EndorsersWe need to create a strong demand for Adult Education
We need a viable FINANCING STRATEGY
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Options and Strategies for Financing...
Maximize available resources •there are over 5% of Education Budgets allocated (and simply wasted) for Adult Education and Literacy•Gender and Development (GAD) budgets for women’s literacy• Include Adult Education component in VocTech Education•Tap local government funds
Rationalize existing programs and create synergies - livelihood, health, environment, women’s education and skills development programs
Ensure more and better ODA for Adult Education and Literacy
Do active and effective Budget Advocacy
Explore generating additional resources- Innovative Revenue Watching- Private sector financing (tripartite partnership)- NGO can shift some programs from Formal to Literacy and Adult Education- Church programs
Civil society as good practitioners, advocates, lobbyists and integrators/catalyst of existing adult education programs.
THANK YOU
From ASPBAE