1

Features of a Good Model

1. It should account for observed data.

2. It should allow for new data.

If a revision is necessary of the model to allow for new data, it should be a natural extension rather than a complete rewrite.

3. It should predict new phenomena.

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Chomsky's Levels of Adequacy of a "Grammar" - 1

OBSERVATIONAL: Should generate / describe / allow for all the phonology, semantics, syntax of the language and disallow things NOT in the language. E.g., this is a good word, sentence, etc. in English; that is not. (NEED RULES.)

DESCRIPTIVE: Ditto. PLUS: Rules or representations (e.g., trees) should reflect speaker's intuition about the language. E.g., should reflect that speakers split sentences between subject and predicate, that we recognize certain sentences as ambiguous, that some sentences are related.

3

Chomsky's Levels of Adequacy of a "Grammar" - 2

EXPLANATORY: Ditto. PLUS: (1) Principles that would help us to choose between 2 different descriptively adequate grammars; (2) an indication of how a child could acquire this grammar.

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 35.

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Grammar of 123 Artificial Language

List-Based Grammar1 2 32 1 33 2 12 3 13 1 21 3 2

Rule-Based Grammar 1. Every "sentence" must contain three elements. 2. These elements range over 1, 2, 3. 3. No element can be repeated.

5

IPA Phonetic Chart

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. ix.

6

American English Consonants

Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language, sixth edition. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998, p. 233.

7

Simple Set of Phrase-Structure Rules

PS 1 S NP VP PS 2 NP det (adj) N PS 3 VP V NP PS 8 VP V S PS 4 N swimmer, medal, horse, child, man PS 5 V accepted, returned, are, eat, think

s, left PS 6 adj young, silver, beautiful, eatingPS 7 det a, the

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 25f.

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The House that Jack Built - 1(The Real Mother Goose. 1994. New York:

Scholastic Inc., pp. 69-70.) 2 This is the house

that Jack built.

3 This is the malt

that lay in the house

that Jack built.

4 This is the rat

that ate the malt

that lay in the house

that Jack built.

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The House that Jack Built - 2(The Real Mother Goose. 1994. New York:

Scholastic Inc., pp. 69-70.)

5 This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.

6 This is the dog that worried the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.

10

The House that Jack Built - 3(The Real Mother Goose. 1994. New York:

Scholastic Inc., pp. 69-70.)

7 This is the cow with the crumpled horn that tossed the dog that worried the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.

8 This is the maiden all forlorn that milked the cow with the crumpled horn that tossed the dog that worried the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.

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The House that Jack Built - 4(The Real Mother Goose. 1994. New York:

Scholastic Inc., pp. 69-70.)

9 This is the man all tattered and torn that kissed the maiden all forlorn that milked the cow with the crumpled horn that tossed the dog that worried the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.

12

The House that Jack Built - 5(The Real Mother Goose. 1994. New York:

Scholastic Inc., pp. 69-70.)

10 This is the priest all shaven and shorn that married the man all tattered and torn that kissed the maiden all forlorn that milked the cow with the crumpled horn that tossed the dog that worried the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.

13

The House that Jack Built - 6(The Real Mother Goose. 1994. New York:

Scholastic Inc., pp. 69-70.)

11 This is the cock that crowed in the morn that waked the priest all shaven and shorn that married the man all tattered and torn that kissed the maiden all forlorn that milked the cow with the crumpled horn that tossed the dog that worried the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.

14

The House that Jack Built - 7(The Real Mother Goose. 1994. New York:

Scholastic Inc., pp. 69-70.)

12 This is the farmer sowing the corn that kept the cock that crowed in the morn that waked the priest all shaven and shorn that married the man all tattered and torn that kissed the maiden all forlorn that milked the cow with the crumpled horn that tossed the dog that worried the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.

15

Morpheme Types

Aadapted from Parker, Frank & Kathryn Riley. 1994. Linguistics for Non-Linguists. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, p. 95.