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1
Experimental Aircraft FAR’s
An Overview of Various Federal Aviation Regulations Regarding
Experimental, Amateur-Built Aircraft
MAJOR PORTIONS OF THIS PRESENTATION ARE BASED ON RON ALEXANDER'S ARTICLE IN 5/97 SPORT AVIATION AND A PHONE INTERVIEW WITH RHUNO NELSON OF THE SCOTTSDALE FSDO OFFICE ON 6/25/01
David E. Wilcox480-892-7189June 26, 2001
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INITIAL BUILDING
FAR DESCRIPTION21.175 CLASSIFICATION OF AIRWORTHINESS 21.191 BASIC DEFINITION OF AMATEUR- BUILT45 MARKINGS91.205 INSTRUMENT & EQUIPMENT RQMNTSAC 20-27D CERTIFICATION & OPERATIONAC 20-139 COMMERCIAL ASSISTANCE
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21.175 CLASS OF AIRWORTHINESS
• (b) SPECIAL AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATES ARE RESTRICTED, LIMITED, AND PROVISIONAL AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATES, SPECIAL FLIGHT PERMITS AND EXPERIMENTAL CERTIFICATES.
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21.191 EXPERIMENTAL CERT
EXPERIMENTAL CERTIFICATES ARE ISSUED FOR THE FOLLOWING PURPOSES:
• (a) RESEARCH, (b) SHOWING COMPLIANCE, (c) CREW TRAINING, (d) EXHIBITION, (e) RACING, (f) MARKET SURVEYS AND...
• (g) OPERATING AMATEUR-BUILT AIRCRAFT. OPERATING AN AIRCRAFT, THE MAJOR PORTION OF WHICH HAS BEEN FABRICATED AND ASSEMBLED BY PERSONS WHO UNDERTOOK THE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT SOLELY FOR THEIR OWN EDUCATION OR RECREATION.
• NOT SUBJECT TO FAR PART 23 AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS FOR NORMAL, UTILITY, AEROBATIC…
• THIS IS THE ORIGIN OF THE “51%” RULE
• (h) PRIMARY CATEGORY
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43 AIRCRAFT MARKINGS
• 43.23 (b) … ON EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT… THE OPERATOR SHALL ALSO DISPLAY… ...NEAR EACH ENTRANCE TO THE CABIN OR COCKPIT, IN LETTERS NOT LESS THAN 2 INCHES NOR MORE THAN 6 INCHES IN HEIGHT THE WORD “EXPERIMENTAL”…
• 45.29 (b) HEIGHT (1) FIXED WING (iii) MARKS AT LEAST 3 INCHES HIGH MAY BE DISPLAYED ON AN AIRCRAFT FOR WHICH AN EXPERIMENTAL CERTIFICATE HAS BEEN ISSUED UNDER 21.191(G)… (<180 KTS)
• 91.9 PLACARD AND MANUALS
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91.205 INSTRUMENTS
• AIRSPEED INDICATOR
• ALTIMETER
• MAGNETIC DIRECTION INDICATOR
• TACHOMETER
• OIL PRESSURE
• TEMPERATURE OIL OR WATER
• MANIFOLD PRESSURE IF CHARGED
• FUEL GAUGE FOR EACH TANK
• LANDING GEAR POSITION INDICATOR
• POST 1978, SHOULDER HARNESS
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AC 20-27D CERT & OPS
• THIS IS THE BIBLE OF THE AMATEUR BUILT CERTIFICATION PROCESS AND SUBSEQUENT FLIGHT OPERATIONS.
• STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR ALL OF THE REGULATIONS, DOCUMENTATION, INSPECTIONS, FAA FORMS
• THE AC OFFERS THIS WORD OF CAUTION:
“Purchasers of partially completed kits should obtain all fabrication and assembly records from the previous owner(s). This may enable the builder who completes the aircraft to be eligible for amateur-built certification.“
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AC 20-139 COM ASSIST
• COMMERCIAL ASSISTANCE HAS DIFFERENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR PLANS BUILT, NON EVALUATED KITS, AND 51% EVALUATED KITS
• KIT BUILDER MUST ADHERE TO WORK SPLIT OF KIT EVALUATION TO MAINTAIN ELIGIBILITY
• PLANS BUILT AND NON-EVALUATED KIT BUILDERS MUST BE EVALUATED BY FAA, PRIOR APPROVAL IS POSSIBLE
• CHECKLIST 8000-38 IS USED BY INSPECTOR TO EVALUATE BUILDER CONTRIBUTION
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FLIGHT TESTING
FAR DESCRIPTION91.305 FLIGHT TESTING AREA91.319 OPERATING LIMITATIONSAC 90-89 A/B AIRCRAFT FLIGHT TESTING H/B
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91.305 FLIGHT TESTING
• NO PERSON MAY FLIGHT TEST AN AIRCRAFT EXCEPT OVER OPEN WATER OR SPARSELY POPULATED AREAS, HAVING LIGHT AIR TRAFFIC.
• PHASE 1 LIMITATIONS, NORMALLY 40 HOURS INSIDE A 25 MILE RADIUS, HAVE A DURATION OF ONE YEAR.
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91.319 OP LIMITATIONS
• NO PERSON MAY OPERATE AN AIRCRAFT THAT HAS AN EXPERIMENTAL CERTIFICATE– FOR A PURPOSE OTHER THAN ISSUED
– CARRYING PERSONS OR PROPERTY FOR HIRE
• NO OPERATIONS OUTSIDE ASSIGNED AREA UNTIL– THE AIRCRAFT IS SHOWN TO BE CONTROLLABLE
– AIRCRAFT HAS NO HAZARDOUS OPERATING FEATURES
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AC 90-89
• AMATEUR-BUILT AIRCRAFT AND ULTRALIGHT FLIGHT TESTING HANDBOOK– PREPARATION
• AIRPORT SELECTION
• EMERGENCY PLANS AND EQUIPMENT
– TAXI TESTS– FIRST FLIGHT– EXPANDING THE ENVELOPE
• CLIMB AIRSPEED AND ALTITUDE GRAPH
• BEST RATE OF CLIMB GRAPH
• STABILITY
– ULTRALIGHT INSPECTION AND TEST
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NORMAL OPERATIONS
FAR DESCRIPTION21.181 DURATION OF AIRWORTHINESS91.207 ELT REQUIREMENTS91.215 TRANSPONDER REQUIREMENTS91.319 OPERATION LIMITATIONS
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21.181 DURATION OF AIRWORTHINESS
• EXPERIMENTAL CERTIFICATES FOR RESEARCH, SHOWING COMPLIANCE, CREW TRAINING, MARKET SURVEYS ARE EFFECTIVE FOR ONE YEAR
• AMATEUR-BUILT CERTIFICATES ARE NORMALLY UNLIMITED– CHANGED FROM ONE YEAR LIMITATION IN 1979
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91.207 ELT REQUIREMENTS
• REQUIREMENT EXCEPTIONS– FERRY OF A NEWLY ACQUIRED AIRCRAFT, NO PAX
– FERRY INOP ELT FOR REPAIRS, NO PAX
– TRAINING WITHIN 50 MILES
– SINGLE SEAT AIRCRAFT
– REMOVED FOR MAINTENANCE FOR UP TO 90 DAYS
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91.215 TRANSPONDER RQMT
• MODE C ALTITUDE REPORTING TRANSPONDER REQUIRED TO ENTER– CLASS A, B, OR C AIRSPACE
– WITHIN 30 MILE VEIL OF AIRPORT WITH CLASS B AIRSPACE UNLESS…
• AIRCRAFT WAS NOT ORIGINALLY CERTIFICATED WITH AN ENGINE-DRIVEN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM OR WHICH HAS NOT SUBSEQUENTLY BEEN CERTIFIED WITH SUCH A SYSTEM INSTALLED
• BALLOONS
• GLIDERS
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91.319 OP LIMITATIONS
• NO OPERATIONS OVER DENSELY POPULATED AREAS– PER 2/15/01 8130.2D, UNLESS SUFFICIENT ALTITUDE IS
MAINTAINED TO EFFECT A SAFE EMERGENCY LANDING IN THE EVENT OF A POWER UNIT FAILURE...
• PILOT SHALL– INFORM PAXS AND ATC OF EXPERIMENTAL NATURE
– DAY VFR ONLY UNLESS OTHERWISE AUTHORIZED
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DOCUMENTS
• REQUIRED ON BOARD THE AIRCRAFT– AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE– OPERATING LIMITATIONS– REGISTRATION– WEIGHT AND BALANCE
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MAINTENANCE
FAR DESCRIPTIONAC 65-23A CERTIFICATION OF REPAIRMEN
43 APDX D CONDITION CHECK
21.93 MAJOR & MINOR ALTERATIONS
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AC 65-23A REPAIRMEN
• THE MANUFACTURE (BUILDER) OF AN AMATEUR-BUILT IS ELIGIBLE TO RECEIVE AN FAA REPAIRMEN CERTIFICATE
• THE CERTIFICATE ALLOWS THE HOLDER TO PERFORM THE ANNUAL CONDITION INSPECTIONS REQUIRED IN THE OPERATING LIMITATIONS
• THE CERTIFICATE IS LIMITED TO A SINGLE AIRCRAFT SERIAL NUMBER
• THE HOLDER MAY CONTINUE TO PERFORM CONDITION INSPECTIONS AFTER SALE OF THE AIRCRAFT
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43 APDX D CONDITION CHECK
• 43 MAINTENANCE, REBUILDING, ALTERATIONS– .1(b) THIS PART DOES NOT APPLY TO ANY AIRCRAFT FOR WHICH
AN EXPERIMENTAL AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE HAS BEEN ISSUED…
• ANYONE CAN PERFORM MAINTENANCE ON AN EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT
• EXPERIMENTAL OPERATING LIMITATIONS NORMALLY REQUIRE ANNUAL CONDITION INSPECTIONS PER PART 43 APPENDIX D
• THE HOLDER OF AN APPROPRIATE REPAIRMEN CERTIFICATE OR A&P LICENSE MAY PERFORM CONDITION INSPECTIONS, AN INSPECTION AUTHORIZATION RATING IS NOT REQUIRED
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21.93 MAJOR & MINOR
• A MINOR ALTERATION IS ONE THAT HAS NO APPRECIABLE EFFECT ON THE WEIGHT, BALANCE, STRUCTURAL STRENGTH, RELIABILITY, OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS, OR OTHER CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING THE AIRWORTHINESS OF THE PRODUCT.
• MAJOR CHANGES AFFECT THESE ITEMS AND INVALIDATES THE PHASE ONE FLIGHT TEST PER FAR 91.319 AND THE SPECIAL AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE LIMITATIONS UNLESS ISSUED SINCE 2/15/00, MAYBE
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RE-ESTABLISHMENT OFA/W COMPLIANCE
• OPERATION LIMITATIONS ISSUED SINCE 2/15/00 MAY ALLOW MAJOR CHANGES WITHOUT RE-INSPECTION
• AFTER INCORPORATING A MAJOR CHANGE THE AIRCRAFT ENTERS A “PHASE 1” TEST PERIOD OF NOT LESS THAN 5 HOURS.
• A NEW AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE MUST BE OBTAINED, WHICH INCLUDES THE NEW LIMITATION, TO ENABLE THIS OPTION
• THERE IS NO WAY TO AMEND AN EXISTING SET OF OPERATING LIMITATIONS WITH THIS OPTION
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AIRCRAFT SALE
FAR DESCRIPTION21.179 AIRWORTHINESS
AC 20-27D CERTIFICATION AND OPERATION OF AMATEUR-BUILT AIRCRAFT
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21.179 AIRWORTHINESS
• AN AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE IS TRANSFERRED WITH THE AIRCRAFT
• NEITHER THE REPAIRMEN CERTIFICATE, NOR ELIGIBILITY FOR A REPAIRMEN CERTIFICATE , IS TRANSFERRED WITH THE SALE OF AN AIRCRAFT
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FAA ORDER 8130.2C
• GUIDANCE MATERIAL ASSOCIATED WITH AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATION AND THE ISSUANCE OF FAA FORM 8130-7, SPECIAL AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE
• CONTAINS RECOMMENDED EXPERIMENTAL OPERATING LIMITATIONS FOR PHASES 1 & 2
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PART QUALITY
• AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES (AD NOTES) DO NOT APPLY TO EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT UNLESS THE PRECISE AIRCRAFT IS NAMED IN THE DIRECTIVE
• ONCE AN “APPROVED” PART, INCLUDING AN ENGINE, IS USED ON AN EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT, IT IS NO LONGER CONSIDERED APPROVED FOR AN AIRCRAFT OF STANDARD CERTIFICATION (ALEXANDER)
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KIT LIST
• LISTING OF ELIGIBLE AMATEUR-BUILT AIRCRAFT KITS
• MEET MAJOR PORTION OR 51% RULE
• NO OTHER ENDORSEMENT OF SAFETY, RELIABILITY, NOR SUITABILITY IS MADE BY THE FAA
• HAVING COMMERCIAL ASSISTANCE ON “BUILDER” ITEMS IN THESE KITS MAY INVALIDATE THE ELIGIBILITY
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103 ULTRALIGHTS• AIRCRAFT QUALIFIES SINCE 1982 IF:
– SINGLE OCCUPANCY
– SPORT OR RECREATIONAL PURPOSE
– NO AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE
– WEIGHT, MAX EMPTY• UN-POWERED 155 POUNDS• POWERED 254 POUNDS
– MAX FUEL CAPACITY OF 5 GALLONS
– 55 KNOTS MAX WIDE OPEN THROTTLE
– 24 KNOTS MAX POWER OFF STALL
• AIRCRAFT MEETING THESE CONDITIONS DO NOT REQUIRE AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATES, REGISTRATION, NOR LICENSED PILOTS