11

EXPECTED CLIMATE IMPACTSEXPECTED CLIMATE IMPACTS

Agriculture: Agriculture: impacts on food securityimpacts on food securityNatural resources: Natural resources: water, energy,…water, energy,…Health Health Social change: Social change: conflictsconflicts Increasing Increasing natural disastersnatural disasters

22

Climate change is unequivocal Climate change is unequivocal and globaland global

Frequency of heavy precipitation

events increasing

Tropical cyclone intensity increasing

Extreme temperatures

increasing

More intense and longer droughts Area of

seasonally frozen ground decreasing

Glaciers and snow over decreasing

Sea level rise

Ocean heat content

increasing

Tropospheric temperatures

increasing

Surface temperatures

increasing

UNEQUIVOCAL

IPCC

33

44

HURRICANE KATRINA HURRICANE KATRINA

55

HURRICANE KATRINA HURRICANE KATRINA

66

CYCLONE NARGIS: FLOODING CYCLONE NARGIS: FLOODING IN OUTSKIRTS OF YANGONIN OUTSKIRTS OF YANGON

77

DISASTERS

SUDDEN TECHNOLOGICALSLOW ENVIRONMENTAL

NATURAL DISASTERS HUMAN DISASTERS

- Greenhouse effect- Deforestation - Uncontrolled town planning, megacities - Drying Lakes

- Chemistry (Bhopal, AZT)- Nuclear (Chernobyl) - Oil spill

- Desertification- Drought

INTERACTIONS COMPLEX DISASTERS

- Earthquakes - Tsunami - Volcanic Eruptions - Floods - Landslides - Storms, Hurricanes, - Cyclones

88

HAZARD x VULNERABILITY = RISK

H x V = R

99

Increasing vulnerability/complexityIncreasing vulnerability/complexity

Development of megacitiesDevelopment of megacities

Growing inter-connection natural /technological disastersGrowing inter-connection natural /technological disasters

Technological dependance (power, computers, Technological dependance (power, computers, communication systems)communication systems)

Growing globalization = growing interdependency = Growing globalization = growing interdependency = growing vulnerability from distant disastersgrowing vulnerability from distant disasters

« Inconceivable » events « Inconceivable » events 

1010

BREAKING THE LINK

HAZARDS ARE INEVITABLE

DISASTERS ARE NOT INEVITABLE

•Prevention

•Preparedness

•Risk management

1111

1212

HURRICANE DEAN: CATEGORY HURRICANE DEAN: CATEGORY 2 STORM ON AUGUST 162 STORM ON AUGUST 16

1313

HURRICANE DEAN: PHOTO FROM HURRICANE DEAN: PHOTO FROM ENDEAVOR ON AUGUST 18ENDEAVOR ON AUGUST 18

1414

CYCONES IN CYCONES IN BANGLADESHBANGLADESH

Facts:Facts:

In 1970, a cyclone caused 400.000 deaths and left In 1970, a cyclone caused 400.000 deaths and left 1.3 million homeless1.3 million homeless

Installation of a cyclone early warning systemInstallation of a cyclone early warning system

In 1985, thanks to the early warning, a cyclone of In 1985, thanks to the early warning, a cyclone of same intensity caused a number of deaths limited same intensity caused a number of deaths limited to 10.000to 10.000

1515

CYCLONE NARGIS CYCLONE NARGIS APPROACHING BANGLADESH: APPROACHING BANGLADESH:

MAY 1, 2008MAY 1, 2008: :

1616

CYCLONE NARGIS: FLOODING CYCLONE NARGIS: FLOODING IN OUTSKIRTS OF YANGONIN OUTSKIRTS OF YANGON

1717

MYANMAR CYCLONEMYANMAR CYCLONE•Inadequate warning and Inadequate warning and evacuation systemsevacuation systems•Inadequate advance Inadequate advance preparationspreparations•Limited expertise for Limited expertise for disaster assistancedisaster assistance

1818

West Coast of Aceh(Widjo Kongko, 2005) (after Kameda)

1919

Barriers to disaster reductionBarriers to disaster reduction

• perception of inevitability; fatalism

• prevention measures neglected

• information about natural disasters and disaster reduction techniques is not disseminated

• planning divorced from hazard management

2020

Women are more vulnerable to natural hazards

Women are key actors in disaster preparedness

2121

Women constitute up to 80% of refugee and displaced populations

In emergency situations women and children make up 70 to 80% of those needing assistance

((IUCN)IUCN)

2222

Bangladesh Cyclone 1991Bangladesh Cyclone 1991

Women aged 20-44: death rate was 71 Women aged 20-44: death rate was 71 per 1000per 1000

Men aged 20-44: death rate was 15 Men aged 20-44: death rate was 15 per 1000per 1000

((IUCN)IUCN)

2323

WHY ARE WOMEN MORE VULNERABLE WHY ARE WOMEN MORE VULNERABLE

BBiological, social and economical differencesiological, social and economical differences

1.1. Women have less access to resourcesWomen have less access to resources

2.2. Women are victims of the gendered Women are victims of the gendered division of labourdivision of labour

3. 3. Women are primarily responsible for Women are primarily responsible for domestic duties, are caregiversdomestic duties, are caregivers

2424

WHY ARE WOMEN MORE VULNERABLEWHY ARE WOMEN MORE VULNERABLE

B Biological, social and economical differencesiological, social and economical differences

4. Early warning systems are Early warning systems are orientated orientated towards malestowards males

5. After a natural disaster, women are more women are more likely to become victims of domestic and likely to become victims of domestic and sexual violencesexual violence

6. Migration due to climate change will leave 6. Migration due to climate change will leave women behindwomen behind

2525

TROPICAL CYCLONE SIDR: TROPICAL CYCLONE SIDR: DESPAIRDESPAIR

2626

2727

2828

Women’s role in Disaster Risk Women’s role in Disaster Risk ManagementManagement

WOMEN ARE KEY WOMEN ARE KEY ACTORS IN ACTORS IN BUILDING, BUILDING, SHAPING AND SHAPING AND SUSTAINING SUSTAINING RESILIENT RESILIENT COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

Photo Credit: Joanne Omang

2929

Women’s role in Disaster Risk Women’s role in Disaster Risk ManagementManagement

Women respond to disastersWomen respond to disasters

Building houses; digging wells and ditches; Building houses; digging wells and ditches; hauling water and building shelters, hauling water and building shelters, considered as “male” tasks.considered as “male” tasks.

Forming groups and networks which is essential Forming groups and networks which is essential in disaster preparedness and mitigation.in disaster preparedness and mitigation.

3030

Women’s role in Disaster Risk ManagementWomen’s role in Disaster Risk Management

Women play decision-making roles in disaster issues Women play decision-making roles in disaster issues

Women and young girls play an important role in their Women and young girls play an important role in their families and communities (in health, education and families and communities (in health, education and childcare). childcare).

Posted by Mayan Families; www.mayanfamilies.org/6a61re2.jpg

3131

Promote Gender ConcernsPromote Gender Concerns

Launch global campaign on disaster reduction in which

gender is fully mainstreamed

Urge governments: policies and strategies with gender balanced approaches

Establish focal points to promote gender balanced

approaches at all levels

3232

Looking to Natural Disasters from a Looking to Natural Disasters from a Gender PerspectiveGender Perspective

Respond to women's needs and concerns

Acknowledge women’s vulnerable status

Gender-based approach

to the study on natural disasters

Assure women’s access to relief resources

Strengthen the dialogue within & between communities and the national government & capacity-building

Increase efforts in promoting gender equalities

Ensure women’s access to policy-making, information and knowledge on disaster reduction

3333

Good practices and Lessons LearnedGood practices and Lessons Learned

Hurricane Mitch, Honduras, 1998 – “Garifuna Hurricane Mitch, Honduras, 1998 – “Garifuna Emergency Committee of Honduras” was created to Emergency Committee of Honduras” was created to promote women’s leadership in decision-making promote women’s leadership in decision-making roles. roles.

Indian Ocean Tsunami, India, December 2004 – Indian Ocean Tsunami, India, December 2004 – “Tsunami Relief and Rehabilitation Programmes” “Tsunami Relief and Rehabilitation Programmes” were led by women from the communities involved.were led by women from the communities involved.

Earthquake, Pakistan, 2005 – “Potohar Organization Earthquake, Pakistan, 2005 – “Potohar Organization for Development Advocacy (PODA)” promotes for Development Advocacy (PODA)” promotes women’s rights following a disaster.women’s rights following a disaster.

3434

Fresh water management should

take into account the needs and role

both of men and women

through an equitable approach

3535

Women and WaterWomen and Water

They have major role in They have major role in

managingmanaging

communal & safe maintaining communal & safe maintaining

regulation & control of the social useregulation & control of the social use

ofof

WATER SUPPLYWATER SUPPLY

3636

Women: collectors, users & Women: collectors, users & managers of watermanagers of water

They provide household water

They cook, clean & take care of the sick

They have vital role in agriculture

3737

Limited access to energy has a disproportionate effect on

women, especially in rural areas.

-Risk for their health and safety

-They are not able to perform essential child-care

- Limits the opportunities for better education

- Electricity is essential for creating new employment opportunities

- Energy services enable improved food production and human well-being

- Energy poverty is a main factor for increased migration

ENERGY IS A KEY FACTOR IN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

3838

DISCRIMINATIONDISCRIMINATION

LESS PAYMENT

LESS EDUCATION

LESS ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES

LESS FINANCIAL RESOURCES

BEING MORE EXPOSED TO RISKS

BEING EXCLUDED OF PLANNING & DECISION MAKING

3939

The United Nations system engaged in The United Nations system engaged in

disaster reductiondisaster reduction

World Meteorological Organization

WORLD BANK

4040

UUnitednited

NNationsations

EEducationalducational

SScientificcientific ((natural, environmental, social)natural, environmental, social)

CCulturalultural ((culture, communication, information)culture, communication, information)

OOrganizationrganization

4141

Long-term GoalsLong-term Goals Observation and early warning networks of natural Observation and early warning networks of natural

hazards hazards

Hazard risk mappingHazard risk mapping

Disaster-resistant building codesDisaster-resistant building codes

Education for disaster reductionEducation for disaster reduction

Help make schools saferHelp make schools safer

Promotion of public awareness through communicationPromotion of public awareness through communication

Protection of cultural monuments and sitesProtection of cultural monuments and sites

4242

Hydrological hazardsHydrological hazards

Studies of hydrological processes of floods, Studies of hydrological processes of floods, Design of engineering works for flood control;Design of engineering works for flood control; Development of a decision-support system for urban Development of a decision-support system for urban

water disaster mitigation;water disaster mitigation; International Flood Programme/Initiative.International Flood Programme/Initiative.

4343

InternationalInternational

Consortium on LandslidesConsortium on Landslides

4444

Drought/desertificationDrought/desertification

The Man and Biosphere Programme The Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB)(MAB)..