1 Evolution And Type Of Structures
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Transcript of 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 11
AVAF 209 Aircraft Structures IIAVAF 209 Aircraft Structures II
I. Evolution of Aircraft StructuresI. Evolution of Aircraft Structures
II. Types of Aircraft Structures:II. Types of Aircraft Structures:A.A. That Produce LiftThat Produce Lift
B.B. That Produce ControlThat Produce Control
C.C. That Modify LiftThat Modify Lift
D.D. That Aid ControlThat Aid Control
E.E. That Hold PeopleThat Hold People
F.F. That Support the Aircraft on the GroundThat Support the Aircraft on the Ground
G.G. That Hold the PowerplantThat Hold the Powerplant
H.H. RotorcraftRotorcraft
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•Wright brothers
Wilbur
Orville
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•Gustave Whitehead
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•Structure of early machines:•Wings of bent wooden ribs covered with fabric
•Body of open frameworks of wood strips lashed together with wire
•Landing gear were skids
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•Control surfaces •small wings •“Wing Warping”
•Structure of early machines:
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•Up to World War I:•drag problem
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•World War I:•Biplane •open cockpits • radial engines
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•metal tube truss construction•Welded thin-walled metal tube • covered with fabric• lighter weight and stronger
•World War I:
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•1920s and 30s: •Stressed-Skin construction
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•Aluminum skin•1920s and 30s:
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I. Evolution of Aircraft StructuresI. Evolution of Aircraft StructuresII. Types of Aircraft Structures:II. Types of Aircraft Structures:
A.A. That Produce LiftThat Produce LiftB.B. That Produce ControlThat Produce ControlC.C. That Modify LiftThat Modify LiftD.D. That Aid ControlThat Aid ControlE.E. That Hold PeopleThat Hold PeopleF.F. That Support the Aircraft That Support the Aircraft
(Ground)(Ground)G.G. That Hold the PowerplantThat Hold the PowerplantH.H. RotorcraftRotorcraft
•Aluminum structure •MONOCOQUE construction
•1920s and 30s:
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•Since 1930s: •SEMI-MONOCOQUE construction
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•High altitude flight
•Since 1930s:
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•Early 1950s:
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Part 91: General Part 91: General Operating and Flight Operating and Flight RulesRules
Special Inspections:Special Inspections:
Part 91GeneralRequired EquipmentMaintenance RequirementsInspectionsSpecial InspectionsMaintenance Records
•Altimeter & Static System, Transponder, ELT, Hard/Overweight Landing, Severe Turbulence, Aging Aircraft
•For certain older Large Aircraft the Pressure Vessel must be specially inspected after so many Pressurization Cycles•Also, after Dec. 16, 2008 all turbine-powered transport category aircraft must have their fuel tank systems specially inspected and maintained
•“Aging Aircraft” – 91.410
•Aloha Airlines “Patio Seating”•Boeing 737-297•April 28, 1988
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Structures That Produce Lift:
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AIRFOIL•LEADING EDGE
•TRAILING EDGE
•ASYMMETRICAL
• SYMMETRICAL
Structures That Produce Lift:
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Lift Theories: Bernoulli’s Principle
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
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Lift Theories: Bernoulli’s Principle
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
HOW?
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Lift Theories: Bernoulli’s Principle
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
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Lift Theories: Bernoulli’s Principle
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
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Lift Theories: Bernoulli’s Principle
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
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Lift Theories: Newton’s Laws
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
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Lift Theories: Newton’s Laws
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
Downwash Angle
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Lift Theories: Newton’s Laws
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
GreaterDownwash Angle
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Lift Theories: Newton’s Laws
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
Too MuchDownwash Angle
STALL!
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Lift Theories: Newton’s Laws
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
= Too LittleDownwash Angle
STALL!
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Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
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•CENTER OF GRAVITY
•CENTER OF LIFT
•NOSE-HEAVY AIRCRAFT
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
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•CANTILEVER (NO EXTERNAL STRUTS)
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
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•WINGLETS
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
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•WINGLETS
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
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•3 AXES:
•LATERAL AXIS
•PITCH
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•3 AXES:
•LONGITUDINAL
AXIS
•ROLL (BANK)
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•3 AXES:
•VERTICAL
AXIS
•YAW
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•PRIMARY CONTROLS:
•ELEVATOR
•AILERONS
•RUDDER
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•PITCH:
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•PITCH:
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
•ELEVATOR
•HORIZONTALSTABILIZER
•EMPENNAGE
•TAIL LOAD
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•PITCH:
•WHEEL OR
STICK PULLED
BACK
•TAIL LOAD
INCREASED
•NOSE UP
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 4141
•PITCH:
•STABILATOR
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 4242
•ROLL:
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•ROLL: AILERONS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•ROLL: AILERONS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•ROLL: AILERONS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
LEFT BANK
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•ROLL: AILERONS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•ROLL: AILERONS
•ADVERSE YAW
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•ROLL: AILERONS
•ADVERSE YAW
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•ROLL: AILERONS
•ADVERSE YAW – 4 WAYS TO COMBAT IT:
•1. PILOT RUDDER ACTION ONLY
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 5050
•ROLL: AILERONS
•ADVERSE YAW – 2. DIFFERENTIAL TRAVEL
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•ROLL: AILERONS
•ADVERSE YAW – 3. FRISE (freeze) TYPE AILERON
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•ROLL: AILERONS
•ADVERSE YAW –
4. RUDDER-AILERON
INTERCONNECT
SPRINGS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•ROLL: SPOILERS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•ROLL: SPOILERS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•YAW:
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•YAW:
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
•RUDDER
•VERTICALSTABILIZER
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•YAW: RUDDER
•PEDALS IN
COCKPIT
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•YAW: RUDDERVATORS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
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•YAW:
•RUDDERVATORS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
Elevator Action
Rudder Action
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•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TO DECREASE STALLSPEED•TO ALLOW HIGHER ANGLES OF ATTACK•TO CONTROL THE BOUNDARY LAYER
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6161
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TO DECREASE STALLSPEED•FLAPS
•TRAILING EDGE•LEADING EDGE
![Page 62: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6262
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TRAILING EDGE FLAPS
![Page 63: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6363
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TRAILING EDGE FLAPS
•PLAIN FLAP
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6464
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TRAILING EDGE FLAPS
•SPLIT FLAP
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6565
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TRAILING EDGE FLAPS
•SLOTTED FLAP
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6666
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TRAILING EDGE FLAPS
•FOWLER FLAP
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6767
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TRAILING EDGE FLAPS
•TRIPLESLOTTEDFOWLERFLAP
![Page 68: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6868
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•LEADING EDGE FLAPS
•DROOPED
•KRUEGER
![Page 69: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6969
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TO ALLOW HIGHER ANGLES OF ATTACK•SLOTS•SLATS
![Page 70: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7070
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
SLOTS
![Page 71: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7171
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TO DECREASESTALL SPEED•TO ALLOWHIGHER ANGLESOF ATTACK
SLATS
![Page 72: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7272
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TO DECREASESTALL SPEED•TO ALLOWHIGHER ANGLESOF ATTACK
SLATS
![Page 73: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7373
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TO CONTROL THE BOUNDARY LAYER•UPPER SURFACE SUCTION•FLAP AUGMENTATION
![Page 74: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7474
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TO DECREASESTALL SPEED•TO ALLOWHIGHER ANGLESOF ATTACK
SUCTION
![Page 75: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7575
•STALL CONTROL DEVICES:
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•WANT WINGROOT TO STALL FIRST
![Page 76: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7676
•STALL CONTROL DEVICES:
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•WANT WINGROOT TO STALL FIRST
•STALL STRIP OR TWISTED WING
![Page 77: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7777
•STALL CONTROL DEVICES:
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•SHOCK INDUCEDSEPARATION
@ Critical Mach Number
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7878
•STALL CONTROL DEVICES:
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•SHOCK INDUCEDSEPARATION
•VORTEXGENERATORS
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7979
•STALL CONTROL DEVICES:
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•SHOCK INDUCEDSEPARATION
•VORTEXGENERATORS
•TIP VORTICES
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8080
•SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS:
Structures That Aid Control:To allow the aircraft to be flown “Hands-off” and to aid the pilot in moving the controls:
•FIXED TRIM TAB
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8181
•SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS:
Structures That Aid Control:To allow the aircraft to be flown “Hands-off” and to aid the pilot in moving the controls:
•ADJUSTABLE TRIM TAB
![Page 82: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8282
•SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS:
Structures That Aid Control:To allow the aircraft to be flown “Hands-off” and to aid the pilot in moving the controls:
•SERVO TAB
![Page 83: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8383
•SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS:
Structures That Aid Control:To allow the aircraft to be flown “Hands-off” and to aid the pilot in moving the controls:
•ANTI-SERVO TAB
![Page 84: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8484
•SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS:
Structures That Aid Control:To allow the aircraft to be flown “Hands-off” and to aid the pilot in moving the controls:
•SPRING TAB
![Page 85: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8585
•OTHER AIDS:
Structures That Aid Control:To allow the aircraft to be flown “Hands-off” and to aid the pilot in moving the controls:
•RUDDER OVERHANG OR BALANCE SURFACE
![Page 86: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8686
•OTHER AIDS:
Structures That Aid Control:To allow the aircraft to be flown “Hands-off” and to aid the pilot in moving the controls:
•AERODYNAMIC BALANCE PANEL
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8787
Structures That Hold People:To protect the crew and passengers,
withstand the stresses created in flight and landing, and mount all other major
components
•Truss•Pratt
•Longerons•Struts•Wire Stays
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8888
Structures That Hold People:To protect the crew and passengers,
withstand the stresses created in flight and landing, and mount all other major
components
•Truss•Warren
•MetalTubing
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8989
•Conventional Landing Gear:
•Tail Wheel
•2 Main Wheels
•“Tail Dragger”
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9090
•Conventional Landing Gear:
•Ground Loop
•Visibility on Ground
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
![Page 91: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9191
•Tricycle Landing Gear:
•Nose Wheel
•2 Main Wheels
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
![Page 92: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9292
•Drag Problems:
•Fixed Gear
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
![Page 93: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9393
•Drag Problems:
•Fixed Gear
•Wheel Fairings
•“Wheel Pants”
•Streamlines
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
![Page 94: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9494
•Drag Problems:
•Retractable
Gear
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
![Page 95: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9595
•Other Types of Landing Gear:
•Floats
•With wheels =
Amphibian
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
![Page 96: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9696
•Other Types of Landing Gear:
•Seaplane
•With wheels =
Amphibian
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
![Page 97: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9797
•Reciprocating (Piston) Engines:•The engine is attached inside the cowling to an ENGINE MOUNT which may be:
•Semimonocoque
•Welded tubular
That Hold the Powerplant:To hold the Powerplants in position,absorb the vibration, and cool and streamline them:
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9898
•Reciprocating (Piston) Engines:•The engine is attached inside the cowling to an ENGINE MOUNT which may be
•Semimonocoque
•Welded tubular
•“Rails” or “Cradle”
That Hold the Powerplant:To hold the Powerplants in position,absorb the vibration, and cool and streamline them:
![Page 99: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9999
•Reciprocating (Piston) Engines:
•On all, the engine is attached to the mount by RUBBER SHOCK MOUNTS
•Known generically as “Lord Mounts”
•Isolate engine vibrations from the fuselage
That Hold the Powerplant:To hold the Powerplants in position,absorb the vibration, and cool and streamline them:
![Page 100: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 100100
•Turbine (Jet) Engines:•Turbine engines are mounted in PODS or NACELLES under the wings or on the side of the rear fuselage or inside the fuselage
•The pods are attached with PYLONS
That Hold the Powerplant:To hold the Powerplants in position,absorb the vibration, and cool and streamline them:
![Page 101: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 101101
•Turbine (Jet) Engines:
That Hold the Powerplant:To hold the Powerplants in position,absorb the vibration, and cool and streamline them:
![Page 102: 1 Evolution And Type Of Structures](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103109/541443878d7f72fe698b45b4/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 102102
Rotorcraft:
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 103103
Rotorcraft:
Structures :
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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 104104