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Transcript of 1 Evaluation of radar measurements Hans-Peter Marshall, Boise State University and CRREL Snow...
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Evaluation of radar measurements
Hans-Peter Marshall, Boise State University and CRRELSnow Characterization Workshop, April 13-15, 2009
Locate instrumentation-related signals…
And get rid of them!
Locate causes of major reflections
• Metal reflectors placed at known depths, to determine cause of reflections in original signal
Metal reflector experiment
Metal reflector experiment
Metal reflector experiment
Metal reflector experiment
Accuracy of using mean dielectric properties to estimate velocity: < 2%
Comparing FMCW signal to in-situ electrical measurements
• radar => in-situ dielectric properties (Finish snowfork)
[e.g. Harper and Bradford, 03]• In-situ properties => physical
properties(e.g. Sihvola et al, 1985; Schneebeli et
al, 1998; Matzler, 1996)
In-situ Density and Wetness
In-situ Reflectivity
12
12
situinR
Radar Snow Water Equivalent Estimates
1 2 ( )
s
g
z
z
SWE z dz( ) /s gTWT z z c
rmsSWE (TWT ,) 2%
rmsSWE (TWT ,d) 9%
rmsSWE (TWT , 250kg / m3) 10%
Comparison of radar with SMP at Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research
=> Small diameter rod driven through snow at constant velocity, pressure measured at tip
250 measurements/mm
Measures rupture force of grain bonds
SnowMicroPenetrometer
Snowpit comparison, SLF, Feb 19, 2004
Multi-Layer Model
2 2( , ) ( , )E r t E r t ��������������������������������������������������������
2 22
2 2
( )
( )
0
( , )( )
( , )
y
R i
i
I i
Ex z
E w tR
E w t
( 1)
( 1)
2( 1)
2( 1)
( )( )
1 ( )
i i
i i
i i
i
i i
j di i
i j di i
r
r R eR
r R e
(e.g. Ulaby et al, 1981)
3-layer model – complicated for thin layers
Depths of major reflections automatically picked
Comparison of FMCW radar and SnowMicroPen
Chuckchi Sea, BarrowMarch, 2006
• 300 meter profile on 1st year sea ice
• 601 MagnaProbe measurements
• >3000 FMCW radar snow depths
Static comparison
1) Expected error = velocity uncertainty (1.5 cm) + radar resolution (1.5 cm) + difference in horizontal support (2cm) = 5cm
2) Mean values within 1.5 cm
Density/Velocity distribution from SWE cores
+/- 5% uncertainty in depth estimate due to density variability
FMCW radar profile
Mean measured density used to estimate depth from radar TWT
FMCW radar / Magnaprobe comparison
1) Similar variability, good agreement
2) Differences mainly due to different support and coregistering of measurements
Comparing point depths to radar measurements
1.7 km profile, x=10 cm, z=1.5 cm
1.7 km profile, x=10 cm, z=1.5 cm
1.7 km profile, x=10 cm, z=1.5 cm
Conclusions - limitations
• Signal attenuated in very wet snow
• Magnitude information from reflections difficult to interpret for thin layers
• No mechanical / microstructural information
Conclusions - advantages
• Rapid (50 Hz) estimates of snow depth, SWE, major stratigraphic boundaries
• Basin-scale areas can be covered
• Slab geometry can be measured
• Simulate active microwave remote sensors