1. Electrical and & Inst Introduction - InTRODUCTION_Rev 3_Dr S
Transcript of 1. Electrical and & Inst Introduction - InTRODUCTION_Rev 3_Dr S
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Marine Electronics and
Instrumentation
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COURSE BRIEFING ANDINTRODUCTION
Lecture 1
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Life and Measurement
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Variation
We only learn because of variation when
something new or different challenges our
pre-conceived ideas
What we learn depends on the variation we
have experienced
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Course Navigation
Part twoApplication of Electronics andInstrumentation to marine systems.
Classification ships instruments
Navigation position finding RADAR,Echo sounder/ Sonar, Gyro Compass,GPS / DGPS, GPS Gyro, Speed log /
Doppler log Communication and safety RDF, SSB,
GMDSS,IMASAT,AIS
Rudder engine, status andperformance, integrated navigationsystem
Principle of operation of RADAR, Echo
sounder/ Sonar, Gyro Compass, GPS /DGPS, GPS Gyro, Speed log / Dopplerlog , LORAN-C, sonar
Specification and selection ofinstruments
Maintenance of instruments
Part OnePrinciple of - Electronics and
instrumentation
Basic electricity and Electronics
Ohms law and Kirchoff laws,Superposition theorem and Electriccircuit
Basic calculation on voltage, current,resistance, impedance and power
Standards electric and electronicssymbols
Capacitor, inductor, phase diagram
Electronics components Semiconductor, junction diode, transistor, IC
Transducers, sensor and signalconditioning
Operational Amplifier, display system,control and monitoring system
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Subject General Objective
To introduction students to basic electricity andelectronics. Voltage, current, resistance,impedance and power calculations. Standardsymbols in electrical and electronic circuits,
electronic components. To familiarize students with application to of
electronics and instrumentation to marinesystem, specifications, selection of electronic
equipment, Maintenance of electronicequipment in Laboratory and skill to operate andmaintain ship board electronics system safely.
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Coverage
Basics electricity and electronics, voltage,
current, resistance, impedance and power
calculations.
Standard symbols in electrical and electronic
circuits, electronic components.
Principle of instrument,
Classification and usage of electronic
instrumentation on board ships
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This Lecture - Electricity
At the end of the lesson student will be able to :
Define electrical circuit terms
Describe electrical circuit principle
State Ohms law
Apply Ohms law circuit law to solve circuit problem inDC circuit
Familiarize with electrical energy source
Differentiate between AC and DC circuit
Describe power and electrical circuit
Solve problem to find power and efficiency of electricalcircuit
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TERMS AND COMPONENTS OFELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
COMPONENTS
Lecture 2
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Symbol Representation
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Key Terms and Phrases
Electric circuit
Battery
Electrodes
Electromotive force Emf
Conventional current
Electron current
Ampere (amp)
Resistance
Resistivity
Ohm
Temperature coefficient
of resistance Ohm`s law
Electric power
Kilowatthour (KWH)
Alternative current (ac)
Electric generators
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Terms of Electric Circuits
What is Electrical Current?
Electrical current is the flow of electrons through aconductor.
What is a Conductor? A material that allows electrons to flow through it is a
conductor.
Wires are conductors.
Electricity flows through a wire much like water through ahose.
Electricity flows through the human body more like waterthrough a sponge.
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Terms of Electric Circuits
What is an Insulator?
Insulators resist the flow of electricity.
Glass, rubber, plastic, and dry wood are
insulators.
What is Resistance?
Resistance opposes electron flow.
Electricity flows through any available path, butmore of it flows through the path of leastresistance.
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Electric Circuit
What is an Electrical Circuit?
Current flows in a loop or a circuit. Circuits
are AC or DC. AC is alternating current. DC is
direct current.
DC current flows from NEGATIVE to POSITIVE.
Most AC current flows from HOT to NEUTRAL.
Most circuits in a typical home or construction
site are AC.
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Parts of Electrical System
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Parts of Electrical System
Simple Lamp System Simple Lamp Circuit
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ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES
Lecture 3
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Electrical Principles
The smallest particle ofmatter which can exist
in the free state is the molecule.
Molecule consist ofatoms, which are the
smallest particles which can take part in
chemical reactions.
Atoms = protons + neutrons + electrons.
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Electrical Principles
The protons and neutrons form the central
nucleus of an atom around which the
electrons move in orbits.
A proton and an electron carry equal but
opposite electrical charge.
Neutron and atom as a whole are electrically
neutral.
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Electrical Principles
Eg. Cu Atom:29=2,8,18,1
Electrons in the outermost
orbit of Cu can be easily
displaced A molecule which has lost one
or more electrons is called an
ion and carries a positive
charge
A molecule which has gained
one or more electrons is a
negatively charged ion
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Electrical Principles
Materials which have electrons which can
easily be moved are called conductors, e.g. Cu,
Al, Ag, Au.
Materials which have electrons which are
difficult to move are called insulators, e.g.
glass, plastic, air etc.
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Electrical Principles
An electric current is a flow of
electrons along a conductor
produced by difference of electrical
pressure between its ends Electrons flow from negative to
positive potential.
Conventional current flow is from
positive to negative.
The opposition to flow experienced
by the electrons is called resistance.
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COMPONENTS OF ELECTRICCIRCUIT
Lecture 4
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The Electrical Circuit
An electric circuit is a system consisting ofconductors
connected to components which use electron flow for their
operation.
A circuit must form a closed path for the electron flow.
The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of a source in an electrical
circuit is force in volts provided by the source to move the
electrons around the circuit.
The e.m.f. is produced by chemical action in a battery or
conversion of mechanical energy in a generator.
The electrical force gradient over any part of a circuit is
called the potential difference (p.d.).
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The Electrical Circuit
Ohms Law:
A current passing through a wire at const temperature is
proportional to the potential differencebetween its ends.
i.e. I = V/R,
Where: I is current in amps, V is potential difference in volts,
R is resistance in ohms.
The resistance of a conductor depends upon the material isproportional to its length and inversely proportional to its
cross-sectional area.
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A simple AC circuit has five parts:
i. electrical SOURCE;
ii. HOT wire that sends electricity;
iii. CONSUMING DEVICE a tool, appliance, or light that ispowered by electricity;
iv. NEUTRAL wire that returns electricity, and earth or
GROUND.
v. When a circuit works right, current flows through the HOTwire to the CONSUMING DEVICE. It then returns to the
SOURCE through the NEUTRAL wire. When something goes
wrong with a circuit, it is called a faulted circuit or
electrical fault.
Components Electric circuit
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Electric Circuit
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POWER SOURCE
Lecture 5
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Energy Source
Fuel EnginesCharacteristics of typical fuels;
combustion
Internal combustion engines Diesel engine
External combustion engine Braytoncycle (gas turbine)
engines, Steam engine
Batteries and Fuel Cells Electrochemical processes
at work
Canonical battery technologies Fuel cell characteristics
Others : Nuclear power sources, renewable energy,
emissions, green manufacturing, primary batteries,
generators !
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Electrochemical Process
Engines convert chemical energy
into heat energy or mechanical
or kinetic energy.
1 MegaJoule is: 1 kN forceapplied over 1 km;
1 Kelvin heating for 1000 kg air;
1 Kelvin heating for 240 kg water;
10 Amperes flowing for 1000
seconds at 100 Volts
productsOthersCOOHOHC 222158 3230474
FuelHeat content
Mj/Kg
Gasoline 45
Diesel 42
Propane 48
Hydrogen 130Ethanol 28
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Four-stroke engine: 1: TDC to BDC, bring air into cylinder
2: BDC to TDC, compress air
ADD FUEL and IGNITE!
3: TDC to BDC, expand heated air (power stroke)
4: BDC to TDC, blow out products of combustion
ICE
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Diesel Engine
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Steam Engine
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LM2500 Specifications - Quoted
Output: 33,600 shaft horsepower (shp)
Specific Fuel Consumption: 0.373 lbs/shp-hr
Thermal Efficiency: 37%
Heat Rate: 6,860 Btu/shp-hr
Exhaust Gas Flow: 155 lbs/sec
Exhaust Gas Temperature: 1,051F
Weight: 10,300 lbs
Length: 6,52 meters (m)
Height: 2.04 m
Average performance, 60 hertz, 59F, sea level, 60%
relative humidity, no inlet/exhaust losses, liquid fuel,
LHV=18,400 Btu/lb
http://www.geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/marine/marine_200351.html
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The Dry Cell
The Dry cell is relatively inexpensive
and quite portable. It has many uses
such as in flashlights and radios.
The anode consists of a Zinc can in
contact with a moist paste of ZnCl2
and NH4Cl.
A carbon rod surrounded by MnO2 and
filler is the cathode.
The cell reaction appears to vary with
the rate of discharge, but at low power
the probable reactions are as follows:
)()(2)(:
)(2)(2:
2)(:
422
42
2
2
2
sOZnMnsMnOsZnCell
sOZnMneZnsMnOCathode
eZnsZnAnode
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Lead Storage Cell
The basic features of the lead storage cell are
electrodes of lead and lead dioxide, dipping
into concentrated sulfuric acid
Both electrode reactions produce lead sulfate,
which adheres to the electrode.
When the cell discharges -> sulfuric acid is
used up and water is produced.
The state of the cell can be determined by
measuring the density of the electrolyte
solution (the density of water is about 70%
that of the sulfuric acid solution).
OHsPbSOHHSOsPbOsPbCell
OHsPbSOeHHSOsPbOCathode
eHsPbSOHSOsPbAnode
2444
2444
44
2)(222)()(:
2)(23)(:
2)()(:
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Lead Storage Cell
OHPbSOHSOPbOPb
batteryAcidleadtheofchemistryTotal
OHPbSOeHSOPbO
or
ducedPbePb
electrodepositiveatelectronsGathering
ePbSOSOPb
or
OxidizedePbPb
24
2
42
24
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24
4
2
4
2
2242
:
224
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Fuel Cell
Electrochemical conversion like a battery, but
the fuel cell is defined as having a continuous
supply of fuel.
At anode, electrons are released:
At cathode, electrons are absorbed:
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Hydrogen Energy System
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Cultural Mindsets
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DC AND AC CURRENT
Lecture 6
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Example 2
Calculate the current of a heater having a
resistance of 30K Ohm when it is supplied
from 480 volt ?
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DC and AC Current
In a DIRECT CURRENT (dc) circuit the current flows in one
direction only.
In an ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac) circuit the direction of
current flow through the circuit changes at a particular
frequency (f).
The frequency used in Malaysia and on the ship is 60 cycles
per second or 60Hz.
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Alternating Current
The EMF produced by an ac
ELECTRIC GENERATOR is
SINUSOIDAL.
The current produced in a
closed circuit connected tothe generator is also
sinusoidal.
The equations for the
voltage and current are asfollows:
Vo, is referred to as the
peak voltage
f = 60 Hz in is used in
Malaysia and on the ship
Io = Vo /R, is referred to as
the peak current
f tIf tR
V
R
VIf tVV o
oo 2sin2sin2sin
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Electric Power
Work is required to transfercharge through an electric
circuit.
The work required depends
on the amount of chargetransferred through the
circuit and the potential
difference between the
terminals of the battery:
W = QV.
The rate at which work is
done to maintain an electric
current in a circuit is termed
ELECTRIC POWER
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Example 3
What is the power required in an electric
cooker carrying current of 3A when connected
across 240V Supply.
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Lecture 8
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What are the Harmful Effects of
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What are the Harmful Effects of
Electricity?Shock
Shock can cause electrocution. Or it may cause a physical reaction that results
in Current flowing through your chest, neck, head, or major nerves can stop
your breathing. Current through the heart can make it beat out of rhythm or
stop.
Burns Burns may accompany shock. Your body is not a good conductor. So there is
resistance to current flow. That resistance turns into heat. Electricity can
cook internal organs or cause internal bleeding. Internal effects may happen
days later.
Fires Heat from electricity can ignite fires. Bad insulation or loose connections
cause electrical fires.
Explosions
Explosions are fires that burn very fast. Bad insulation, overloaded circuits, or
sparking at switch contacts can ignite explosive mixtures in air.
How Do We Work Safely with
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How Do We Work Safely with
Electricity?
At a minimum, employers must follow the
Electrical Standards
These standards provide protection for using
temporary wiring in construction.
The regulations standards include three
protective methods:
electrical isolation
grounding, and
circuit interruption
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h d ?
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What is Grounding?
Grounding is a separate, low resistance
pathway for electricity when it does not follow
normal flow from HOT to NEUTRAL.
Grounding wont work if your resistance is lessthan the GROUND path. For example:
If youre holding a metal pipe that goes directly to
GROUND, If youre standing in water, or
If your tool doesnt have a GROUND connection.
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What is Circuit Interruption?
The last method of electrical protection
required is by circuit interruption.
For electricity to flow, it must complete a loop
or a circuit.
Circuit interrupters break the loop, opening
the circuit, so the electricity does not flow.
Circuit breakers or fuses for wiring and
equipment protection and
Ground Fault Protection for shock protection.
Ci i
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Circuit measurement
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Wi d i
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Figure 2.10 Wire-wound resistors
(a) Cement coated on aceramic former;
(b) Vitreous enamel
coated on a ceramicformer
Fi 2 11 V i bl i
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Figure 2.11 Variable resistors
(a) wire-wound;
(b) mains dropper
resistor with fixed
tappings, cementcoated on a ceramic
former
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E i t l i it
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Figure 2.13 Experimental circuit
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Summary
Terms of electricity
Principle of electricity
Components of electrical circuit
Ohm law
Differences AC and DC Circuit
Power and energy in electrical circuit Electric power sources
Electrical safety
R f
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References
Sherman, E. (2000). Powerboater's Guide to Electrical Systems: Maintenance,Troubleshooting and Improvements. McGraw-Hill Professional. New York. USA.
Osaka, T. and M. Datta, eds. 2000. Energy storage systems for electronics. Amsterdam:
Gordon and Breach.
Stephen, J. F., Klucinee, P. (2002) Electronic Aboard. Bristol Fashion Publications. Harrisburg,
USA.
Berndt, D., 1993. Maintenance-free batteries. New York: Wiley. Giampaolo, T. 1997. The gas turbine handbook: Principles and practices. Lilburn, GA:
Fairmont Press.
Dhameja, S. 2001. Electric vehicle battery systems. Boston: Newnes.
Larminie, J. and A. Dicks 2003. Fuel cell systems explained. West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
Boonstra, H., G. Wuersig, and K.O. Skjolsvik2005. Fuel Cell Technology in Ships: Potential
Applications in Different Market Segments and a Roadmap for Further Developments. Proc.Marine Science and Technology for Environmental Sustainability (ENSUS).
Rutherford, K. and D. Doerffel2005. Performance of Lithium-Polymer Cells at High Hydrostatic
Pressure. Proc. Unmanned Untethered Submersible Technology.
Griffiths, G., D. Reece, P. Blackmore, M. Lain, S. Mitchell, and J. Jamieson 2005. Modeling
Hybrid Energy Systems for Use in AUVs Proc. Unmanned UntetheredSubmersible
Technology.
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