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Sarhad J. Agric, Vol.27, No.2, 2011  161

EFFECT OF NAPHTHALENE ACETIC ACID AND PHOSPHORUS LEVELS

ON THE YIELD POTENTIAL OF TRANSPLANTED COARSE RICE

IMAM BAKHSH, HIMAYAT ULLAH KHAN,MOHAMMAD QASIM KHAN and SADAF JAVARIA

Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan – Pakistan.

ABSTRACT

The effect of various levels of NAA and phosphorus on the yield and yield components of transplanted

coarse rice, was studied. The study was conducted at Research Area at Rukh Bibi Campus Gomal University, Dara Ismail Khan, NWFP, Pakistan during 2004 and 2005. The experimental design was RCB with split plot

arrangement. Main plot consisted of four levels of NAA viz. 0, 60, 90 and 120 ml ha-1 , while sub-plots consisted of

 five levels of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 phosphorus in the form of single supper phosphate (SSP). It was noted

that plant height, productive tillers, 1000-grain weight, paddy yield, and harvest index were maximum at 90 ml

 followed by 60 and 120 ml ha-1 and minimum in control during both years. Where as in phosphorus levels maximum

 plant height, productive tillers, 1000-grain weight, paddy yield and harvest index were recorded at 100 kg P2O5 ha-1

 

 followed by 150,200 and 50 kg P2O5  ha-1

. The treatments interactive effects of plant growth regulator and

 phosphorus levels were maximum in 90 ml NAA x 100kg P2O5 ha-1

 and minimum in control plots during both years. 

 Key Words:  Rice (Oryza sativa L.), NAA = naphthalene acetic acid, phosphorus. 

Citation: Bakhsh, I., H.U. Khan, M.Q. Khan and S. Javaria. 2011. Effect of naphthalene acetic acid and phosphorus

levels on the yield potential of transplanted coarse rice. Sarhad J. Agric 27(2): 161-165

INTRODUCTION

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crop of the world and 2nd 

 most important staple

food crop after wheat in Pakistan. Pakistan is 5th largest rice producing country of the world and is the 3

rd  largest

crop after wheat and cotton in share of area (2581 thousand hectare) and production (5438 thousand tons) with an

average yield of 2107 kg ha -1 (Anonymous, 2007), which is very low as compared to other rice producing countries.

There are many factors for low yield. The most important one is imbalance use of nutrients. Phosphorus after

nitrogen is the key element for crop production. Its availability is seriously affected due to alkaline calcarious nature

of soils of Pakistan which is very much clear from its low recovery efficiency of 15-20% (Zia, et al. 1991) the

remaining 80-85% phosphorus is left as non available. It is important for root development, increased resistant to

lodging, reduced flower shedding, increased grain weight, improved seedling vigor and seed quality (Henry, et al. 

1995). Therefore there is a need to improve its efficiency in crop productivity.

The use of plant growth regulators in the field of agriculture has become commercialized in some advancedcounties like Europe, USA and Japan. The current uses for plant growth regulators are not only in a high value

horticultural crops but it also increase field crop yield directly either by increasing total biological yield or the

harvest index. Growth substances can be divided into five classes as Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Abcisic acid,

and Ethylene. Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) belongs to synthetic forms of Auxins. Auxins play key role in cell

elongation, cell division, vascular tissue, differentiation, root initiation, apical dominance, leaf senescence, leaf andfruit abscission, fruit setting and flowering (Davies, 1987). Growth and yield parameters of rice are significantly

 promoted in response to various Auxin levels (Zahir, et al.  1998). Planofix (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) had a

significant effect on plant height, number of fruiting branches, volume of boll and yield in cotton (Abro, et al. 2004).

 Naphthalene Acetic Acid @ 20ppm showed better performance in enhancing the straw and grain yields of wheat

cultivars (Alam, et al. 2002). Naphthalene Acetic Acid have been used for the enhancement of growth and yield of

cereals (Lilani, et al. 1991). Agricultural scientists are focusing their attention to maximize the crop productivitywith low inputs technology. A lot of research has been conducted and reported using various agricultural inputs in

order to increase crop productivity. However, there is lake of information regarding the use of phosphorus along

with plant growth regulators to improve phosphorus management and maximize its efficiency. Therefore, the

objective of the present study was to introduce low inputs technology for enhancing the yield potential of coarse rice

 by the use of phosphorus element in conjunction with plant growth regulator (NAA).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research project on “Effect of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and phosphorus levels on the yield

 potential of coarse r ice” was undertaken at the Postgraduate Agriculture Research Farm, Gomal University, Dera

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Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, during rice growing seasons of 2004 and 2005. The nature of soil was

clay with pH value of 7.9 and 8.1. The experiment was laid out in RCB design with split plot arrangement,

replicated four times. All the collected data were tabulated and analyzed statistically using analysis of variance

technique and subsequently using Least Significance difference (LSD at 1%) for comparing the treatment means, by

MStatC computer software (Steel and Torrie, 1980). Phytofix (Naphthalene Acetic Acid 4.5% in sodium salt) wasapplied with the help of skilled labour by hand pump sprayer. The plant growth regulator levels were kept in main

 plot and phosphorus levels were kept in sub plots. The sub-plot size was 3 x 5 m-2

. Four different levels of Phytofixi.e. 0, 60, 90 and 120 ml ha -1 were applied at the time of panicle initiation whereas phosphatic fertilizer levels were

0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha -1 which was applied at the time of seed bed preparation before transplanting the rice

nursery. Recommended level of (120 kg N ha-1) was applied in two split levels, half at the time of transplanting and

remaining half at the time of panicle initiation. Treated and sprouted seed of well adapted, non-aromatic coarse rice

variety “IR-6” which belongs to the  Indica  rice group was sown at well prepared nursery seed bed for the

experiment. The 35 days old seedlings, free of pests and disease were transplanted in the plots using row to row and

 plant to plant spacing of 20 x 20 cm with two seedlings per hill by trained manual labors on 15th Jun each year. All

other agronomic practices were maintained till the harvesting and threshing of crop. Data were recorded on plant

height (cm), productive tillers (m-2

), 1000-grain weight (g), paddy yield (t ha-1

) and harvest index (%). 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 Plant Height (cm)

Data recorded on plant height are presented in (Table I). The data indicated that levels of NAA differedsignificantly from each other in relation to plant height during both the cropping seasons. Plant growth regulator

(NAA) level of 90 ml ha-1 showed maximum plant height (129.4 and 131.4 cm) during 2004 and 2005, respectively.

It is obvious from the data that smallest plants were recorded in plots with no plant growth regulator application.

Islam et al. (2005) also reported that the highest plant height was observed where GA3 was applied @ 75 g ha-1. As

far as the effect of phosphatic fertilizer levels on plant height of rice crop is concerned, it was observed that various

levels of phosphatic fertilizer significantly affected the plant height. During both years, the tallest plants (131.8 and135 cm) were recorded in the treatment with 100 kg P2O5 ha-1,  followed by 150 and 200 kg P2O5 ha-1 treatment.

However during both years of the study smallest plants were observed in the plots without phosphorus application.

Kumar and Reddy, (2003) showed that application of phosphorus at high level increased seedling height but up to

some level. The interaction of plant growth regulator and phosphatic fertilizer levels were also highly significantduring both the years. During 2004 and 2005 the treatment having plant growth regulator level of 90 ml ha -1 with

100 kg ha-1 phosphatic fertilizer was on top in plant height having 139 and 142 cm plant height, respectively. The

smallest plants were measured in treatments with no level of plant growth regulator and without phosphatic fertilizer

application during both the years of study. 

 Productive Tillers (m-2 )

The data recorded on number of productive tillers m-2 are presented in (Table I). The data indicated that

levels of plant growth regulator (NAA) significantly affected the number of productive tiller during both the

cropping seasons. It revealed that the plant growth regulator level of 90 ml ha -1  showed maximum number of

 productive tillers (363.6 and 366.00 m-2) during 2004 and 2005, respectively. It is obvious from the data that lowest

number of productive tillers (m-2) were recorded in plots with no growth regulator application. Zahir, et al. (1998)

depicted similar results by the application of Tryptophan @ 105 M. As far as the effect of phosphatic fertilizer levels

on number of productive tillers of rice crop is concerned, it was observed that various levels significantly affectedthe productive tillers during both the years. Maximum number of productive tillers were recorded in the treatment

with 100 kg P2O5 ha-1

(362.3 and 364.3 m-2

), followed by 150 (352.5 and 354.5 m-2

) and 200 kg P2O5 ha-1

(352.0 and354.0 m-2), but the difference was significant. However during both the years of study the lowest number of

 productive tillers were observed in the plots without phosphatic fertilizer. Similar results were observed by Qadirand Ansari (2006) who reported that high phosphorus levels were needed for maximum fertile tillers in rice crop.

The interaction of plant growth regulator levels and phosphatic fertilizer was highly significant during 2004 and

2005. The treatment having plant growth regulator level of 90 ml ha -1 with 100 kg ha-1 phosphatic fertilizer was on

top with maximum number of productive tillers (374.0 and 376.0 m2) during both the experimental years. The

lowest number of productive tillers were noticed in treatment with no level of plant growth regulator and without

 phosphatic fertilizer application during both years of study having 325.0 and 324.5 (m-2

) productive tillers during the

1st and 2

nd  year of study, respectively.

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Sarhad J. Agric, Vol.27, No.2, 2011  163

Table-I  Plant height and productive tillers as affected by plant growth regulator (NAA) and phosphorus levels in transplanted coarse rice during 2004 – 2005

Plant Height (cm) Productive Tillers (m-2)Treatments (ha-1)

2004 2005 2004 2005

Growth Regulator (G) mlG0 0 113.8 C 116.2 C 339.8 C 340.7 CG1 60 120.8 B 123.6 B 349.8 B 352.2 B

G2 90 129.4 A 131.4 A 363.6 A 366.0 AG3 120 120.6 B 123.0 B 349.8 B 351.8 BLSD 2.957 2.336 3.224 3.005

Phosphorus P (kg)P0 0 106.5 D 108.5 D 339.5 D 341.0 DP1 50 117.5 C 120.0 C 347.5 C 349.5 CP2 100 131.8 A 135.0 A 362.3 A 364.3 AP3 150 124.8 B 126.8 B 352.5 B 354.5 BP4 200 125.3 B 127.5 B 352.0 B 354.0 BLSD 2.631 2.689 3.929 3.136G0 X P0  95.00 J 97.00 K 325.0 J 324.5 J

G0 X P1  110.0 I 113.0 IJ 337.0 I 336.0 IG0 X P2  125.0 DE 128.0 DE 350.0 DEFG 352.0 DEFG0 X P3  119.0 FGH 121.0 FGH 344.0 FGHI 346.0 FGHG0 X P4  120.0 EFGH 122.0 FGH 343.0 GHI 345.0 GH

G1 X P0 106.0 I 108.0 J 338.0 I 340.0 HIG1 X P1 116.0 H 118.0 HI 346.0 EFGH 350.0EFGG1 X P2 131.0 BC 134.0 BC 362.0 BC 364.0 BCG1 X P3 125.0 DE 128.0 DE 352.0 DE 354.0 DE

G1 X P4 126.0 CD 130.0CDE 351.0 DEF 353.0 DEG2 X P0 118.0 GH 120.0 GH 355.0 CD 358.0 CDG2 X P1 127.0 BCD 130.0 CDE 360.0 BC 363.0 BCG2 X P2 139.0 A 142.0 A 374.0 A 376.0 AG2 X P3 131.0 BC 132.0 BCD 364.0 B 366.0 BG2 X P4 132.0 B 133.0 BCD 365.0 B 367.0 BG3 X P0 107.0 I 109.0 J 340.0 HI 342.0 HIG3 X P1 117.0 H 119.0 H 347.0 EFGH 349.0 EFG

G3 X P2 132.0 B 136.0 B 363.0 B 365.0 BG3 X P3 124.0 DEF 126.0 EF 350.0 DEFG 352.0 DEFG3 X P4 123.0 DEFG 125.0 EFG 349.0 DEFG 351.0 EFGLSD 5.263 5.378 7.858 6.271

Means followed by different letter(s) are significantly different at 1% level of probability using LSD test.

1000-Grain Weight (g)

The (Table II) revealed that the effect of plant growth regulator (NAA) levels differed significantly from

each other during both the cropping seasons with respect to 1000-grain weight. It revealed that the plant growth

regulator level of 90 ml ha-1  showed maximum 1000-grain weight (20.65 and 20.7 g) during 2004 and 2005,

respectively, followed by plant growth regulator level of 60 and 120 ml ha -1. It is obvious from the data that lowest

1000-grain weight (19.37 and 19.61 g) were recorded in plots with no growth regulator application during 2004 and2005. Zahir, et al. (2000) reported that L-Tryptophan application to different crops significantly increased all yield

components. As far as the effect of phosphatic fertilizer levels on 1000-grain weight is concerned, it was observed

that various phosphatic fertilizer levels significantly affected the 1000-grain weight at P<0.01. During both the

years, the maximum 1000-grain weight was recorded in the treatment with 100 kg P 2O5 ha-1

(20.62 and 20.77 g),

followed by 150 kg P2O5 ha-1. However during both the years of study the lowest 1000-grain weight (19.44 and19.67 g) were observed in the plots without phosphatic fertilizer. The results are similar with the findings of Qadir

and Ansri, (2006). They found that increasing levels of phosphatic fertilizer increased 1000-grain weight of rice. The

interaction of plant growth regulator and phosphatic fertilizer levels was highly significant during 2004 and 2005

with respect to 1000-grain weight. The treatment having plant growth regulator level of 90 ml ha-1 with 100 kg P2O5 

ha-1 phosphatic fertilizer was on top in relation to 1000-grain weight (21.46 and 21.5 g), followed by 90 ml ha-1 with

150 kg ha-1 phosphatic fertilizer (20.6 and 20.7 g) during 2004 and 2005, respectively. The lowest 1000-grain

weight was noticed in treatments with no application of plant growth regulator and without phosphatic fertilizerapplication during both years of study.

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 Paddy Yield (t ha-1 )

Data presented in (Table II) shows that the effect of plant growth regulator (NAA) levels differed significantly from each other

during both the years of study with respect to paddy yield. The plant growth regulator (NAA) level of 90 ml ha-1

  showed significantlymaximum paddy yield (7.54 and 7.62 t ha

-1) during 2004 and 2005, respectively, followed by plant growth regulator level of 60 and 120

ml ha-1

and it is obvious from the data that lowest paddy yield (5.52 and 5.70 t ha-1

) were recorded in plots with no growth regulator

application during 2004 and 2005, respectively. The results are in line with those of Zahir, et al. (2000). As far as the effect of phosphatic

fertilizer on paddy yield is concerned, it was observed that phosphatic fertilizer levels highly significantly affected the paddy yield during

 both the years of study and significantly maximum paddy yield (7.62 and 7.82 t ha -1) was recorded in the treatment with 100 kg P2O5 ha-1, followed by 150 and 200 kg P2O5 ha

-1levels. However during both the years of study significantly lowest paddy yield (5.40 and 5.61 t

ha-1

) was observed in the plots without phosphatic fertilizer application during both the years of experimentation. The results are in linewith that of Maqsood, et al. (2001), who reported that higher paddy yield was obtained in plots receiving 120-100 kg NP ha

-1  than the

 plot having 40-20, 60-40, 100-80 kg NP ha-1

. The higher paddy yield with 120-100 kg NP ha-1

 was probably due to higher number of

filled grain and kernels weight panicle-1

. The results are also in line with that of Sudhakar et al. (2004) and Qadir and Ansari, (2006).

They stated that high phosphorus levels needed for grain yield enhancement. The interaction of plant growth regulator and phosphaticfertilizer levels was also highly significant during both the years of study with respect to paddy yield. The treatment having plant growth

regulator level of 90 ml ha-1

 with 100 kg P2O5 ha-1

was on top, with maximum paddy yield (8.7 and 8.9 t ha-1

) during 2004 and 2005,

respectively. The lowest paddy yield was obtained in treatments with no level of plant growth regulator and without phosphatic fertilizer

application during both years of study, showing 4.60 and 4.75 t ha-1  during 2004 and 2005, respectively. Ezehiel, et al. (2006) also

reported that grain yield was increased by N and plant growth regulators. Prakash et al. (2007) reported that addition of phosphorus with

or without rice hull ash as a source of silicon increases the paddy yields.

Table-II 1000-grain weight, paddy yield and harvest index as affected by plant growth regulator (NAA) and phosphorus levels in

 transplanted coarse r ice during 2004 –2005

1000-grain Weight (g) Paddy Yield (t ha-1) Harvest Index (%)Treatments (ha-1) 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005

Growth Regulator (G) ml 

G0 0 19.37 C 19.61 C 5.52 C 5.70 C 41.42 C 41.30 C

G1 60 19.89 B 20.06 B 6.43 B 6.59 B 44.96 B 44.69 B

G2 90 20.65 A 20.70 A 7.54 A 7.62 A 49.25 A 48.05 AG3 120 19.86 B 20.13 B 6.36 B 6.42 B 43.70 BC 43.51 B

LSD 0.08 0.15 0.406 0.379 2.345 2.172

Phosphorus P (kg) P0 0 19.44 D 19.67 E 5.40 D 5.61 D 40.11 C 40.83 C

P1 50 19.82 C 19.92 D 6.12 C 6.11 C 45.18 B 42.85 BCP2 100 20.62 A 20.77 A 7.62 A 7.82 A 48.89 A 48.92 A

P3 150 20.06 B 20.19 B 6.65 B 6.69 B 45.16 B 44.69 B

P4 200 19.79 C 20.06 C 6.51 B 6.68 B 44.71 B 44.65 B

LSD 0.06 0.11 0.3673 0.3967 2.832 2.996

G0 X P0  18.80 I 19.00 I 4.60 l 4.75 I 36.59 G 36.54 GG0 X P1  19.30 H 19.50 H 5.00 kl 5.20 HI 40.85 FG 39.13 FG

G0 X P2  20.20 D 20.40 CD 6.70 DEF 6.90 DE 46.74 BCDE 46.60 BCDE

G0 X P3  19.30 H 19.60 H 5.60 HIJK 5.58 FGH 40.56 FG 42.04 DEFGG0 X P4  19.25 H 19.55 H 5.70 GHIJK 5.90 FGH 42.35 EF 42.19 DEFG

G1 X P0 19.20 H 19.50 H 5.30 JKL 5.50 GHI 40.87 FG 40.70 EFG

G1 X P1 19.75 F 19.90 G 6.00 FGHIJ 6.02 FG 46.66BCDE 44.00 BCDEFG1 X P2 20.35 C 20.60 BC 7.50 BC 7.70 BC 47.34BCDE 48.22 ABC

G1 X P3 20.15 D 20.20 DEF 6.60 DEF 6.82 DE 44.90 CDEF 45.96 BCDE

G1 X P4 20.00 E 20.10 EFG 6.75 DE 6.90 DE 45.03 CDEF 44.59 BCDEF

G2 X P0 20.44 C 20.60 BC 6.20 EFGHI 6.40 DEF 43.08 DEF 42.98 CDEFG2 X P1 20.36 C 20.29 DE 7.20 CD 7.00 CD 48.66 ABCD 45.50 BCDE

G2 X P2 21.46 A 21.50 A 8.70 A 8.90 A 53.38 A 53.04 A

G2 X P3 20.60 B 20.70 B 8.00 AB 8.00 B 51.94 AB 49.39 ABG2 X P4 20.40 C 20.40 CD 7.60 BC 7.80 B 49.21 ABC 49.36 AB

G3 X P0 19.33 H 19.60 H 5.50 IJK 5.80 FGH 39.90 FG 43.11 CDEF

G3 X P1 19.85 F 20.00 FG 6.30 EFGH 6.20 EFG 44.55 CDEF 42.77 CDEFG3 X P2 20.46 C 20.60 BC 7.60 BC 7.80 B 48.08 ABCD 47.84 ABCDG3 X P3 20.18 D 20.25 DE 6.40 EFG 6.20 EFG 43.22 DEF 41.37 EFG

G3 X P4 19.50 G 20.20 DEF 6.00 FGHIJ 6.12 EFG 42.26 EF 42.47 CDEFG

LSD (0.01) 0.13 0.23 0.7346 0.7934 5.665 5.992

Means followed by different letter(s) are significantly different at 1% level of probability using LSD test.

 Harvest Index (%)

The data calculated on harvest index percentage are presented in Table II. The data depicts that levels of

 plant growth regulator (NAA) significantly affected harvest index during both the years. Plant growth regulator level

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Sarhad J. Agric, Vol.27, No.2, 2011  165

of 90 ml ha-1  showed maximum harvest index (49.25 and 48.05 %) during 2004 and 2005, respectively. It was

followed by the level of 60 ml ha-1. It is obvious from the data that lowest harvest index (41.42 and 41.30 %) was

calculated in the plots with no growth regulator application during both the years of study. The effect of phosphatic

fertilizer levels on harvest index was also highly significant at P<0.01 during both the years. The maximum harvest

index was recorded in the treatment with 100 kg ha-1

 phosphatic fertilizer application. Sahrawat, and Sika (2002)stated that phosphorus improves the harvest index of the rice. The interaction of plant growth regulator and

 phosphatic fertilizer was highly significant during 2004 and 2005 with regards to harvest index. The treatmenthaving plant growth regulator level of 90 ml ha -1 with 100 kg phosphatic fertilizer showed maximum harvest index

of 53.38 and 53.04 % during the year 2004 and 2005, respectively.

CONCLUSION

It has been concluded that various levels of plant growth regulator and phosphatic fertilizer significantly

affected the yield of transplanted coarse rice. The interaction of plant growth regulator (NAA) level of 90 ml ha-1 and 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 had significantly beneficial effect on the yield attributes of coarse rice and increased the grain

yield. It is, therefore recommended that plant growth regulator (NAA) level of 90 ml ha -1 with 100 kg P2O5 is the

 best combination for yield enhancement.

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