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Ecology ReviewEcology Review

Ms. Panno and Mr. LibrettoMs. Panno and Mr. Libretto

June 8June 8thth and 9 and 9thth

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What is Ecology?What is Ecology?

EcologyEcology - the study of interactions between - the study of interactions between organisms and their environment.organisms and their environment.

This includes: abiotic (nonliving) and biotic This includes: abiotic (nonliving) and biotic (living) things.(living) things.

Abiotic – water, space, air, warmth, sunlightAbiotic – water, space, air, warmth, sunlight Biotic – food, matesBiotic – food, mates

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Types of Interactions Ecology Types of Interactions Ecology StudiesStudies

1.1. CompetitionCompetition - when a resource is - when a resource is scarce, only those the best at getting it scarce, only those the best at getting it will survive.will survive.

2.2. Food ChainsFood Chains – Diagrams showing the – Diagrams showing the feeding relationships in an ecosystem feeding relationships in an ecosystem (who eats who).(who eats who).

3.3. Predator/Prey RelationshipPredator/Prey Relationship – Some – Some animals hunt others for food.animals hunt others for food.

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Types of Interactions Ecology Types of Interactions Ecology StudiesStudies

4.4. Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships – Organisms – Organisms work together to survive.work together to survive.

5.5. Nutrient RecyclingNutrient Recycling – The raw materials – The raw materials life needs to survive are reused by the life needs to survive are reused by the ecosystem.ecosystem.

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Parts of the BiosphereParts of the Biosphere

1.1. Species – Species – a group of organisms that can a group of organisms that can reproduce (Ex – humans).reproduce (Ex – humans).

2.2. Population – Population – The number of a species in a The number of a species in a given area (Ex – all the humans living in Deer given area (Ex – all the humans living in Deer Park).Park).

3.3. Community – Community – All the species in a given area (Ex All the species in a given area (Ex – the humans, trees, grasses, bacteria, squirrels, – the humans, trees, grasses, bacteria, squirrels, mice….. Living in Deer Park.)mice….. Living in Deer Park.)

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Parts of the BiosphereParts of the Biosphere

4.4. Ecosystem – Ecosystem – The community and all the The community and all the nonliving things in an area (Ex – all the nonliving things in an area (Ex – all the plants, animals, bacteria, fungi and plants, animals, bacteria, fungi and protists, plus the air, water, and climate of protists, plus the air, water, and climate of Deer Park).Deer Park).

5.5. Biosphere – Biosphere – The area on the Earth that The area on the Earth that supports life (includes the bottom of the supports life (includes the bottom of the oceans to the upper atmosphere).oceans to the upper atmosphere).

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Parts of the EcosystemParts of the Ecosystem

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CompetitionCompetition

Since resources will eventually run out, organisms Since resources will eventually run out, organisms have to compete for it.have to compete for it.

Can be between members of the same species Can be between members of the same species (Ex – Polar Bears have to compete for fish to eat).(Ex – Polar Bears have to compete for fish to eat).

Can be between members of a different species Can be between members of a different species (Ex – a robin and a woodpecker might compete (Ex – a robin and a woodpecker might compete over a tree to build a nest in.)over a tree to build a nest in.)

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NicheNiche

NicheNiche – the role an organism plays in the – the role an organism plays in the environment (Ex – The Great White Shark is environment (Ex – The Great White Shark is the top consumer in some marine the top consumer in some marine ecosystems.)ecosystems.)

If two organisms occupy the same niche If two organisms occupy the same niche they will compete for resources until one they will compete for resources until one species is forced out. species is forced out.

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Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity

The maximum number of individuals an The maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can support is the ecosystem can support is the carrying carrying capacitycapacity..

Once the carrying capacity is met, Once the carrying capacity is met, limiting limiting factorsfactors (such as space, food, shelter) keeps (such as space, food, shelter) keeps the population size near this the population size near this carrying carrying capacitycapacity. .

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Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity

Time

# Of Individuals

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Predator – Prey RelationshipsPredator – Prey Relationships

Predators Can Control the Prey PopulationPredators Can Control the Prey Population Predators help control the prey population Predators help control the prey population

(Since there are few predators of Deer left in (Since there are few predators of Deer left in New York State, their population size is out New York State, their population size is out of control).of control).

If there are no natural predators the prey If there are no natural predators the prey become overpopulated.become overpopulated.

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Predator – Prey RelationshipsPredator – Prey Relationships

Prey Populations Can Control the Size of Prey Populations Can Control the Size of Predator PopulationsPredator Populations

If there are few prey in an area, a small If there are few prey in an area, a small number of predators can survive.number of predators can survive.

If there are many prey in an area, more If there are many prey in an area, more predators can survive.predators can survive.

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Predator-Prey RelationshipsPredator-Prey Relationships

The Predators and Prey May Have No The Predators and Prey May Have No RelationshipRelationship

If the predators rely on many sources of If the predators rely on many sources of food, one disappearing may have little effect food, one disappearing may have little effect (Ex – If cows go extinct we might have to (Ex – If cows go extinct we might have to eat more chicken, but humans would still eat more chicken, but humans would still survive.)survive.)

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Predator-Prey Relationship Predator-Prey Relationship ExampleExample

Moose Wolves

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Food ChainsFood Chains

Parts of the Food ChainParts of the Food Chain

1.1. Producers – Producers – (Autotrophs) make their own (Autotrophs) make their own food from abiotic factors (Ex – Green food from abiotic factors (Ex – Green plants make glucose by photosynthesis.)plants make glucose by photosynthesis.)

2.2. Herbivores – Herbivores – Consumers that eat only Consumers that eat only plants. (Ex – rabbits eat crops and other plants. (Ex – rabbits eat crops and other plants)plants)

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Food ChainsFood Chains

3.3. Carnivores Carnivores – Eat only other consumers – Eat only other consumers (Ex – lion).(Ex – lion).

4.4. Omnivores – Omnivores – Eat plants and animals (Ex – Eat plants and animals (Ex – Humans).Humans).

5.5. Detrivores – Detrivores – (Decomposers) Feed off of (Decomposers) Feed off of and break down dead organisms. These and break down dead organisms. These are usually bacteria and fungi.are usually bacteria and fungi.

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Food WebsFood Webs

Food WebsFood Webs show all of the overlapping food show all of the overlapping food chains in an ecosystem.chains in an ecosystem.

Arrows always point

towards the consumer – this shows the flow of

energy.

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Food Pyramid RelationshipsFood Pyramid Relationships

Pyramid of EnergyPyramid of Energy Show the amount of energy available at each Show the amount of energy available at each

step of a food chain.step of a food chain. Each level of the pyramid is called a Each level of the pyramid is called a Trophic Trophic

LevelLevel. . The organisms at the first trophic level have the The organisms at the first trophic level have the

most energy. most energy. The amount of energy decreases as you go up The amount of energy decreases as you go up

the pyramid, since it is used for the life functions.the pyramid, since it is used for the life functions.

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Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

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Food Pyramid RelationshipsFood Pyramid Relationships

Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid Measures the amount of material at each Measures the amount of material at each

trophic level.trophic level.

Like the Energy Pyramid, the larges Like the Energy Pyramid, the larges biomass is at the base (producers) and it biomass is at the base (producers) and it decreases as you move up the pyramid.decreases as you move up the pyramid.

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Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid

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Food Pyramid RelationshipsFood Pyramid Relationships

Pyramid of Population SizePyramid of Population Size

The third pyramid shows the number of The third pyramid shows the number of individuals at each trophic level.individuals at each trophic level.

Life the other two pyramids, the largest Life the other two pyramids, the largest population is at the base (producers) and population is at the base (producers) and decreases as you move up the pyramid.decreases as you move up the pyramid.

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Pyramid of Population SizePyramid of Population Size

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Energy PyramidShows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat.

Pyramid of NumbersShows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level.

Biomass PyramidRepresents the amount ofliving organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, thegreatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid.

Summary of the Pyramid Summary of the Pyramid RelationshipsRelationships

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Biological MagnificationBiological Magnification

If a poison is introduced into an If a poison is introduced into an ecosystem, it will affect each level of the ecosystem, it will affect each level of the food chain more severely.food chain more severely.

Each level of the food chain will have Each level of the food chain will have more individuals affected.more individuals affected.

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Biological MagnificationBiological Magnification

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Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships

Organisms can interact in three main ways:Organisms can interact in three main ways:

1.1. MutualismMutualism – Both species benefit (Ex – E.Coli in – Both species benefit (Ex – E.Coli in our Large Intestine and Humans.)our Large Intestine and Humans.)

2.2. Commensalism –Commensalism –One species benefits and the One species benefits and the other is not affected (Ex – Barnacles living on a other is not affected (Ex – Barnacles living on a whale.whale.

3.3. Parasitism – Parasitism – One species benefits (parasite) One species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host). (Ex –Tapeworms and the other is harmed (host). (Ex –Tapeworms and humans.) and humans.)

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Nutrient RecyclingNutrient RecyclingWater Cycle - Water Cycle - Earth’s water supply is Earth’s water supply is

constantly recycled throughout the biosphere:constantly recycled throughout the biosphere: EvaporationEvaporation – water vapor leaves the – water vapor leaves the

oceans and joins the atmosphere.oceans and joins the atmosphere. TranspirationTranspiration – water vapor evaporates off – water vapor evaporates off

of plant leaves.of plant leaves. CondensationCondensation – water vapor in the – water vapor in the

atmosphere forms clouds.atmosphere forms clouds. PrecipitationPrecipitation – water vapor in the – water vapor in the

atmosphere falls to the ground (rain.)atmosphere falls to the ground (rain.)

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Nutrient RecyclingNutrient Recycling

COCO2 2 and Oand O2 2 CycleCycle

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration work together to recycle carbon dioxide work together to recycle carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere.and oxygen in the atmosphere.

Photosynthesis – in plants, uses up COPhotosynthesis – in plants, uses up CO2 2

and produces Oand produces O2 2 as a waste.as a waste.

Cellular Respiration – in consumers, Cellular Respiration – in consumers, uses Ouses O2 2 and produces COand produces CO2 2 as a waste.as a waste.

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Nutrient RecyclingNutrient Recycling

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle The Nitrogen in the atmosphere is made usable The Nitrogen in the atmosphere is made usable

for living things through for living things through Nitrogen Fixation.Nitrogen Fixation. Plants use this nitrogen in the soil to make Plants use this nitrogen in the soil to make

protein. This is protein. This is assimilation.assimilation. Once the plants and organisms that eat the Once the plants and organisms that eat the

plants die, decomposers break down the plants die, decomposers break down the remains and return the nitrogen to the soil and remains and return the nitrogen to the soil and the atmosphere. the atmosphere.

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Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession

As organisms live in a given area, they As organisms live in a given area, they change their environment.change their environment.

As the environment changes, so do the As the environment changes, so do the organisms that can live there.organisms that can live there.

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Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession

Primary Succession – Primary Succession – a pioneer a pioneer organism first grows on a bare rock organism first grows on a bare rock surface (Ex – Hawaiian Islands)surface (Ex – Hawaiian Islands)

Secondary Succession – Secondary Succession – after a after a disaster (fire, drought) succession begins disaster (fire, drought) succession begins again at an intermediate stage (Ex – Pine again at an intermediate stage (Ex – Pine Barrens of Long Island).Barrens of Long Island).

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Human Effects on the Human Effects on the EnvironmentEnvironment

Negative Effects:Negative Effects:

1.1. UrbanizationUrbanization

2.2. IndustrializationIndustrialization

3.3. AgricultureAgriculture

4.4. Exploitation of WildlifeExploitation of Wildlife

5.5. DeforestationDeforestation

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Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

Carbon Dioxide and other Greenhouse gases trap the suns energy in our atmosphere to keep the earth within a range of suitable temperatures for the survival of the present organisms

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Global WarmingGlobal Warming

By burning fossil fuels (use of automobiles, By burning fossil fuels (use of automobiles, electricity, home heating) carbon dioxide is electricity, home heating) carbon dioxide is released as a waste gas.released as a waste gas.

At the same time we are cutting down trees At the same time we are cutting down trees which would have used up the Carbon which would have used up the Carbon Dioxide.Dioxide.

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Global WarmingGlobal Warming As a result, Carbon As a result, Carbon

Dioxide levels increase, Dioxide levels increase, trapping trapping MUCH MOREMUCH MORE heat heat from the sun and gradually from the sun and gradually causing the Earth to warm causing the Earth to warm up.up.

Global Warming could Global Warming could cause sea level to rise, cause sea level to rise, habitats to be destroyed, habitats to be destroyed, draught, and mass draught, and mass extinction.extinction.

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Acid RainAcid Rain

Air pollution in the atmosphere combines Air pollution in the atmosphere combines with rain water, lowering the pH of the rain.with rain water, lowering the pH of the rain.

The resulting acid rain damages freshwater The resulting acid rain damages freshwater ecosystems, and there is evidence linking it ecosystems, and there is evidence linking it to extinctions of many amphibian species.to extinctions of many amphibian species.

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Ozone Layer DepletionOzone Layer Depletion

The ozone layer is part of the upper The ozone layer is part of the upper atmosphere and blocks harmful rays of the sun.atmosphere and blocks harmful rays of the sun.

The release of CFC’s from aerosol cans and The release of CFC’s from aerosol cans and other sources of air pollution interact with the other sources of air pollution interact with the atmosphere and deplete the ozone layer.atmosphere and deplete the ozone layer.

If the ozone layer is destroyed, harmful rays If the ozone layer is destroyed, harmful rays from the sun would cause catastrophic from the sun would cause catastrophic mutations and would threaten all life on Earth.mutations and would threaten all life on Earth.

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Positive Human InfluencesPositive Human Influences

Conservation of ResourcesConservation of Resources RecyclingRecycling Pollution ControlsPollution Controls Decreasing our dependence on fossil fuels.Decreasing our dependence on fossil fuels.