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Dr Alexiei Dingli

Introduction to Web Science

Publishing on the Web

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• Acquire

• Model

• Reuse

• Retrieve

• Publish

• Maintain

Six challenges of the Knowledge Life Cycle

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• What do we mean by publishing?

• What can we publish?

• How can we publish?

• Where can we publish?

Publishing?

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• Permanent output– Paper– Microfiche– Film

• Impermanent output– Screen– Sound– Tactile

Output Devices

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• On paper using printers– Impact Printers (Noisy)

• Dot Matrix (Slow + Low Quality)

• Daisy Wheel (Very Slow + 1 Font)

• Chain and Band printers (Fast + Expensive)

– Non-Impact Printers (Silent, High Quality, Fast)• Inkjet

• Thermal (Expensive)

• Laser (Cost effective + Colour expensive)

Permanent Output (1)

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• Printers– Speed measured in Pages Per Minutes – Resolution measured in Dots Per Inch (dpi)

• 80 dpi (dot matrix) = Near Letter Quality• 300 dpi – 1200 dpi (non-impact) = Near Book Quality

– Store information in firmware such as• Typeface (Fonts)• Character set• Size

– More complex printers use Page Description Language (PDL)

• Communicates complex commands directly to printer• Used in pdf and postscript

Permanent Output (2)

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• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)– Text based to high resolution– Produce minor health hazards

• Since they are radiation emitting devices!

• Alternative systems might not use a screen …– Lights– Gauges– Dials

Visual Output (1)

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• Organic Light Emitting Diode vrs Liquid Crystal Display– High Brightness– High Contrast– Ultra Wide viewing angle– No backlight required– Thin and compact– Fast response– Low power

Visual Output (2)

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• Electronic Paper

Visual Output (3)

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• Used on its own or in conjunction with visual elements (to increase effectiveness)

• Mainly limited to warnings

• Uses– Audible click of keyboard– Dial pad tones– Speech synthesis– Assist disabled and visually impaired

Auditory Output

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• Used to reduce channel overload– Attract attention in critical situations

• (errors)

– Notes particular status during a process • (whenever a new email is received)

– Confirmation of action• (sound indicates validity)

– Navigation purposes • (in hypermedia/3D)

Sound (Non-speech)

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But is that all? On how many devices can you publish …

in your house?

– PC– TV, VCR, DVD, HiFi,

cable/satellite TV– microwave, cooker, washing

machine– central heating– security system

can you think of more?

in your pockets?

– PDA– phone, camera– smart card, card with

magnetic strip?– electronic car key– USB memory

try your pockets

and bags

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• Touch-Screens (and light pens)– Use screen as input– Used in public information systems

• Virtual Reality– Make use of other body parts for computer

input• Gaze-tracking• Head-movement tracking• Hand-arm movement tracking

– Originally developed for military– For weapon systems guidance and hands

free operations

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• Integrated gaze and face tracking system. A camera and IR light source tracks gaze by computing the angle between the corneal reflection and the centroid of the pupil.

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Smart Systems

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• Force-feedback– Allows to “feel” how machine is responding

Tactile (1)

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Tactile (2)

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• Inch

• Foot

• Yard

• Implications for device size as well as relationship to people

Scales of devices

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• Inch– PDAs– Voice Recorders– smart phones

• Individuals own many of them and they can all communicate with each other and environment.

Device scales

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• Foot– notebooks– tablets– digital paper

• Individual owns several but not assumed to be always with them.

Device scales

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• Yard– electronic whiteboards– plasma displays– smart bulletin boards

• Buildings or institutions own them and lots of people share them.

Device scales

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• How can we remove the barrier?– Actions on physical

objects have meaning electronically, and vice versa

– Output from electronic world superimposed on physical world

Merging Physical and Digital Worlds

A “digital” desk

An augmented calendar

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Different Inputs … Different Outputs (1)

Capacitive sensing on a table

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Different Inputs … Different Outputs (2)

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Different Inputs … Different Outputs (3)

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Different Inputs … Different Outputs (4)

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• Context-aware computing– Sensed phenomena facilitate easier interaction

• Automated capture and access– Live experiences stored for future access

• Toward continuous interaction– Everyday activities have no clear

begin-end conditions

Application Themes

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• visitors to Mackintosh Interpretation Centre– some on web, some use VR, some really there

• interacting– talk via microphones– ‘see’ each other virtually

• different places• different modalities• shared experience

City - shared experience

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• headsets allow user to “see” the virtual world

• gesture recognition achieved with DataGlove (lycra glove with optical sensors that measure hand and finger positions)

• eyegaze allows users to indicate direction with eyes alone

• whole body position sensed, walking etc.

Virtual Reality Technology

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• small TV screen for each eye

• slightly different angles

• 3D effect

VR headsets

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Minority Report … reality or fiction?

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• Headset VR– expensive, uncomfortable

• Desktop VR– use ordinary monitor and PC

• cheap and convenient

• In games … and on the web– VRML – virtual reality markup language

On the Desktop

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#VRML V1.0 ascii

Separator { Separator { # for sphere Material { emmissiveColor 0 0 1 # blue } Sphere { radius 1 } } Transform { translation 4 2 0 } Separator { # for cone Texture2 { filename "big_alan.jpg" } Cone { radius 1 # N.B. width=2*radius height 3} } }

VRML … VR on the web

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• VR– computer simulation of the real world

• mainly visual, but sound, gesture too

– experience life-like situations• too dangerous, too expensive

– see unseen things:• too small, too large, hidden, invisible

– e.g. manipulating molecules

• the experience– aim is immersion, engagement, interaction

Immersion

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• scenes projected on walls• realistic environment• real controls• other people

• for:– flight simulators– ships– military

Command and Control

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• simulation– games, military, training

• VR holidays– rainforest, safari, surf, ski and moon walk

… all from your own armchair

• medical– surgery

• scans and x-rays used to build modelthen ‘practice’ operation

• force feedback best• Remote surgery via robotic arms

– phobia treatment• virtual lifts, spiders, etc.

Applications of VR

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• number of virtual dimensions that are ‘real’• three dimensional space

– visualise invisible fields or values– e.g. virtual wind tunnel

• two dimensional space– can project data value up from plane– e.g. geographic data

• no ‘real’ dimensions– 2D/3D histograms, scatter plots, pie charts, etc.

Scientific and Technical Data

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• fluid dynamics to simulate air flow • virtual bubbles used to show movements

• ‘better’ than real wind tunnel …– no disruption of

air flow– cheaper and faster

Virtual Wind Tunnel

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• images projected over the real world– aircraft head-up display– semi-transparent goggles– projecting onto a desktop

• types of information– unrelated – e.g. reading email with wearable

– related – e.g. virtual objects interacting with world

• issues– registration – aligning virtual and real– eye gaze direction

Augmented Reality (AR)

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AR in Architecture

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Maintenance– overlay instructions– display schematics

Examples– photocopier engineers

• registration critical arrows point to parts

Applications of AR

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• Ubiquitous/Disappearing devices– Intelligence embedded everywhere– Always connected– Intuitive– Seamless

• Microelectronics becoming – Smaller – can be integrated anywhere– Cheaper

Ubiquitous Computing

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• Centralised– Many people > 1 Computer

• Personal – 1 person > 1 Computer

• Pervasive– 1 person > Many computers

3 Computing Stages

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• Interpersonal– User to User

• Retrieval– User to Stored Information

• Networked Device– User to Device to Device to User

3 Communication Stages

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• Today– World organised around a network and

distinct services

• Tomorrow– Person is placed at the centre

Change of Paradigm

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• Personal information can be gathered everywhere, anytime

• User cannot always give prior agreement

• Maybe devices should publicise their presence?

• Provide a way of mass deactivation?

Privacy Concerns

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Scenario: Assisted Living (1)

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• Monitoring and Assistance– helping the elderly to keep a structured everyday life

– reminding to take medicine

– to drink and eat

– warn the elderly when eat-by dates are expired

– monitoring vital functions and communicate the data to the doctor

– the system recognizes falling down or cardiac infarction of the elderly

• Interaction– enable the elderly to communicate with friends,

relatives, or medical and care personal.

• Medication – controlling the medication of the elderly by reminding them

– to take pills

Scenario: Assisted Living (2)

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Scenario: Assisted Living (3)

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Fraunhofer Video

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– Ubicomp activities not so task-centric, might give inputs to various tasks

– Technologies are so new, it is often hard to get long-term authentic summative evaluation

– Metric of success could be very different (playfulness, non-distraction versus

efficiency)

Evaluation Challenges

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Questions?