1 Development, Universal Access and Governance in South Africa zCPSR Symposium: One Planet, One Net...
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Transcript of 1 Development, Universal Access and Governance in South Africa zCPSR Symposium: One Planet, One Net...
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Development, Universal Access and Governance in South Africa
CPSR Symposium: One Planet, One Net - The Public Interest in Internet Governance Boston, 10th - 11th October 1998.
Tracy Cohen, Part-time lecturer Telecommunications Law, Wits Law School Assistant to Council, SATRA
The views expressed do not necessarily represent the views of SATRA, its Council or any of its employees.
The views expressed in this presentation are mine and do not necessarily represent the views of SATRA, its Council or any of its employees.
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Areas of focus
Context and Vitals Definitions: Universal Service v. Universal
Access Universal Access in South Africa
Poverty Telecommunications Teledensity Internet Penetration on the Continent
Governance Policy and Legislation Role of the Regulator
Issues
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Definitions - Dedicated service v. reasonable access
Universal Service 3 Components - Availability, Affordability, Accessibility -ITU
“affordable, access to basic voice telephony or its equivalent for all those reasonably requesting it, regardless of where they live.”
- Oftel
Universal Accessall of the above, BUT communal and within a reasonable
distance
Definition depends on the nature of the market Definition informed by technical, social, political
considerations e.g. RDP
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Universal Access in South Africa
Poverty 36% of all households below the HSL HSL = R1050/month ($180)
• Poorest 20% hh (27% pop) <3% total income• Richest 20% hh (3% pop) >65% total income
Telecommunications Teledensity• 2.8 million residential lines• 1.5 million business lines• 28 000 farm lines• 90 000 Public Pay Phones
National average = 9• Richer areas = 50 • Poorer areas = 0.001
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In Summary
8.7 million households in SA2.8 million have telephones55% of the 2.8 million are in white
households5.9 million households have no phones2.1 million households have NO ACCESS to
a telephone within 5km’s of their home
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The role of Governance in delivering Universal Access in SA
Universal access requires regulation aimed at balancing economic growth and social/policy objectives
History, Policy and legislation - Telecommunications Act No. 103 of 1996
State institutions supporting universal access SATRA
• The public interest - Telkom v Internet Service Providers Association, 1997
The Universal Service Agency • Lifespan - 5 years• Universal Service Fund - Section 59• Administered by the USA subject to the control of SATRA
Department of Communications• Multimedia Projects/ Public Access Projects
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A nation’s wealth is correlated with its telecom infrastructure Source: Formus SA
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
$1,000 $10,000 $100,000 $1,000,000 $10,000,000
Internet Host Computers - Jan 1995
1993 GNP ($M)
USA
UKGermany
Japan
Australia
France
Italy
China
Russian Fed
Canada
Spain
Brazil
India
Argentina
SwitzerlandNetherlands
Mexico
Korea, S
Sweden
Belarus
Thailand
Portugal
Turkey
Indonesia
Denmark
AustriaBelgium
New Zealand
South Africa
Hong Kong
Finland
Ukraine
Norway
Poland
Czech Rep
Greece
Israel
Hungary
Algeria
Malaysia
Venezuela
Singapore
PhilippinesColombia
Kazakhstan
ChileIrelandIceland
AzerbaijanGuinea
MoldaviaFiji
SlovakiaSlovenia
Estonia
BulgariaUruguay Egypt
LuxembourgEcuador
Puerto Rico
Romania
Kuwait
Tunesia
Peru
Cyprus
Costa Rica
PanamaZimbabwe
Latvia
Lithuania
Jamaica
Armenia
ZambiaNicaragua
Saudi Arabia
Taiwan
Iran
Macau
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Issues
Infrastructure Sub-Saharan Africa teledensity - <1 in 200 Analogue, unreliable network, urban concentration
Affordability and Costs Services - basic or advanced Sustainability
Social Economic
Infrastructural Priorities Literacy and Language Hegemony
Software solutions
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Conclusion
Regime is irrelevant - other factors are the determinants.
Socially positive role and purpose of regulation: State has a role in ensuring universal access (more so under the
exclusivity model?) USF Ceiling of R20 Million/year must be raised - post exclusivity
Public/private sector partnerships will be vital to success International and regional co-operation is crucial Degree of success correlates proportionately to degree
of sufficient political will, systematic planning and co-ordination
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Contact Details
E-mail: [email protected]: SATRA, Private Bag X1,
Marlboro,
Sandton, 2063, South AfricaTel: 27-11-321-8384
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Useful Sites
http://www.satra.org.za/ http://www3.wn.apc.org/africa/mj.htm http://www.sangonet.org.za/ http://wn.apc.org/technology/ http://demiurge.wn.apc.org/africa/projects.htm http://www.doc.org.za/ http://www.telecom98.co.za/ http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/
AS.html
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Snapshot - SA Industry Structure
Telkom
Future fixed line providers
Mobile Cellular
Vodacom, MTN, 3rd and 4th?
PTNs - Transnet and Eskom
Mobile Data, Radio Trunking,
VANS
- including ISPs
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Governance = Regulation?
Fact: Government involvement in the creation and extension of services
Regulation aims to achieve: the delivery of basic services acceptable ranges and quality of services fair competition facilitate economic growth and global competitiveness
Regulation is aimed at balancing economic growth and social/policy objectives
Universal Access requires regulation
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Africa - Continental Connectivity Indicators - Source: Mike Jensen, AISI
46/54 Countries and territories in Africa have Internet access in the Capital cities
6 Countries have plans for full Internet access in the capital cities
2 Countries remain without plans for full Internet access 7 Countries have only one full public access ISP after 12
months 11 Countries have local ISPs or POPs in some secondary
towns 10 Countries have local dial-up Internet access
nationwide